Tuberculosis Is an Infectious Bacterial Disease Primarily

Tuberculosis is an infectious bacterial disease primarily affecting the respiratory system. Symptoms include coughing, phlegm, fever, and weight loss. The disease can be fatal if left untreated, and is treatable with medications including antibiotics. Tuberculosis is more common in developing countries, but can affect anyone with a lowered immune system. Preventing the spread of tuberculosis involves public health campaigns to raise awareness.

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis is called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although it most commonly infects the lungs, Mycobacterium tuberculosis can also affect other organs in the body. Exposure to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria does not necessarily lead to manifestations of the illness, because the bacteria can live inside the body and remain inactive. Moreover, when the bacteria remain inactive or latent, the disease will not be contagious ("Understanding Tuberculosis: The Basics," 2015). This is why only a small number of persons who are exposed to the tuberculosis bacteria will develop the disease ("Understanding Tuberculosis: The Basics," 2015). However, persons with lowered immune systems, including the elderly and especially persons with HIV or cancer diagnoses, are at risk for developing the disease after exposure. Persons with substance abuse problems including tobacco addiction are also at higher risk for developing the disease due to lowered immune system ("Risk Factors," 2015). Therefore, minimizing exposure is a primary method of prevention.

Tuberculosis is more prevalent in developing nations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian subcontinent, China, and Russia ("Risk Factors," 2015). Exposure to the disease can come from living, working, or traveling in these regions. Risk increases as exposure increases, which is why health care workers may be at an especially high risk of contracting tuberculosis. Living in refugee camps, shelters, or any type of residential care facility can also increase exposure and therefore increase risk ("Risk Factors," 2015). To prevent the spread of tuberculosis, it may be necessary to regularly screen those at risk of exposure, and using a treatment of antibiotics even when the disease remains in its latent phase. Screening methods include chest X-rays, blood tests, and skin tests like the Mantoux. There are also vaccines that can be helpful in some, but not all cases.