Turkish culture is generally considered to be quite homogenous; even so many business people of Turkey are used to doing business with people from all over the world and from a range of different cultures (Katz, 2008). However, this doesn't necessarily imply that Turkish people are open-minded. Sometimes they are quite the opposite and prefer to have things done "their way" or in the specific manner in which they are used to. In that sense, it's absolutely helpful to have a guide of all the aspects of Turkish culture, so that one can better familiarize oneself with the nuances of this culture so that communication is facile, and so that one can achieve the business related goals that are most important and specific. When it comes to the culture of Spain and of those from Catalan, there are areas of overlap and areas of difference. Relationships and Showing Respect

"Many businesses in Turkey are controlled by only a few powerful groups and families. It is vital to understand those influences upfront in order to determine who the real stakeholders in your negotiation are" (Katz, 2008). The dangers of not knowing what these factors of influence are can negatively impact one's business dealings and the success of one's business enterprises. Thus, the utmost importance revolves around being as aware of the expectations of protocol in these situations as possible, so that one can engage in the most effective etiquette and push the business dealing to success. "Turkey's culture is generally group-oriented. Asserting individual preferences may be seen as less important than having a sense of belonging to a group, conforming to its norms, and maintaining harmony among its members. Building lasting and trusting personal relationships is therefore very important to most Turks, who often expect to establish strong bonds prior to closing any deals. "Turks are extremely patriotic. They are proud...

The family is the most important social unit. Each person is dependent upon and loyal to the family. Rural life is still traditional, but in cities women frequently work outside the home" (ediplomat, 2014). This comes back to the importance of the family and the tribe and the necessity of protecting the interests of the community. Group and family culture continues to prevail in Turkey and continues to be something that people value very heavily. In this sense, they are very similar to Spanish people and Catalan people in that both cultures value personal relationships.
Concrete Expectations of Business Etiquette

When it comes to meeting and greeting others, one needs to shake hands with all members present, such as men, women and children at business and social meetings: start with the eldest members of the group and then shake hands with everyone who is present, even the children. Be aware of the fact that it is relatively common for Turkish men and women to kiss one another on the cheek when they meet and when they part (ediplomat, 2014). Certain protocol such as never pointing the soles of one's feet at another person is important to remember as is never standing with one's hands on one's hips when talking to others, particularly with older people and one's professional superiors (ediplomat, 2014). For many Turks it can be quite common to avoid looking in the eyes of other people as a sign of humility (ediplomat, 2014). This is true for Spanish people as well.

One thing to bear in mind about both these cultures is that they are used to smaller arenas of space, so it is common to have them stand closer to one when doing business than other foreigners are used to. Being punctual is of the most importance; if one is going to be late, all Turkish people will expect an explanation and…