Two Concept Maps of Two Different Diseases

¶ … Map of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Breast Cancer Lifestyle Eating Better Cutting down on alcohol Giving up Tobacco Exercising Controlling Stress Medications/Surgical Medications approved to treat breast cancer: Abitrexate Abraxane Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine Afinitor et al. (National Cancer Institute, 2016). Concept Map of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Breast Cancer Breast Cancer ETIOLOGY Primary The etiology of breast cancer remains mainly unidentified. Risk factors linked with breast cancer can be clustered into three comprehensive contributing factors: i. family history (hereditary) factors, ii. hormonal reproductive factors environmental factors (DeBruin and Josephy, 2002).

Secondary Polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes may influence risk of breast cancer from environmental chemicals, dietary agents, and endogenous steroids (DeBruin and Josephy, 2002).

BREAST CANCER DIAGNOSIS History/Physical Lump or contour change Skin tethering Nipple inversion Dilated veins Ulceration Paget disease Edema or peau d'orange (Medscape, 2015) Diagnostic/Lab Tests Chest x-ray (CXR) Complete blood count (CBC) Basic metabolic panel (BMP) Lactate Urine analysis (UA) Urine culture (UC) Blood cultures x2 sites (Rischer, 2013) PATHOGENESIS Primary When estrogen goes into the cell, it fixes the ER and the complex drifts into the nucleus and results in the production of transcription proteins that prompts changes in the cell.

Consequently, owing to estrogen's proliferative features, its cellular stimulus can have adverse outcomes in patients conveying large amounts of these receptors intracellularly (Yager and Davidson, 2006). Secondary Contrivance of carcinogenesis continues to be mostly unidentified, but overexpression is linked with speedy tumour growth, reduced survival, increased risk of relapse subsequent to surgery, and poor reaction to conventional chemotherapeutic agents (Yager and Davidson, 2006).

CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Signs Refutation, or inward turning of the nipple Amplification of one breast dimpling of the breast surface An prevailing lump that gets bigger An "orange peel" texture to the skin Vaginal discomfort Unpremeditated weight loss enlarged lymph nodes in the armpit Perceptible veins on the breast (Krans and Cafasso, 2015) Symptoms Thickening of the breast tissue Nipple discharge Redness or scaling of the nipple A nipple that retracts or turns inward Unexplained redness, swelling, skin irritation, itchiness, or rash on the breast (Krans and Cafasso, 2015). References Rischer, K. (2013).

Unfolding Clinical Reasoning Case Study: Breast Cancer Content/Concept Map. Retrieved 3 February, 2016 from: http://www.keithrn.com/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Breast-Cancer-Content-Concepts-Map-for-Case-Study1.pdf National Cancer Institute. (2016). Drugs Approved for Breast Cancer. Retrieved 3 February, 2016 from: http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/drugs/breast DeBruin, L. S., & Josephy, P. D. (2002). Perspectives on the chemical etiology of breast cancer. Environmental health perspectives, 110(Suppl 1), 119. Krans, B., Cafasso, J. (2015). Warning Signs of Breast Cancer. Healthline. Retrieved 3 February, 2016 from: http://www.healthline.com/health/breast-cancer/warning-signs#SignsandSymptoms3 Yager, J. D., & Davidson, N. E. (2006).

Estrogen carcinogenesis in breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(3), 270-282.

DIAGNOSIS History/Physical Patient voiding diary -Evidently low volume, force of urinary stream and flow rate Digital Rectal Exam -Reveals large rubbery and non-tender gland Measurement of post-void residual urine Higher than normal Diagnostic/Lab Tests Urinalysis Examinations May reveal hematuria and UTI PSA Raised results points to malevolence Ultrasound Examination Hydronephrosis & amplification of the prostate CBC Raised in patients having UTI/Nephritis (Dhingra and Bhagwat, 2011) TREATMENT Lifestyle Eating Better Cutting down on alcohol Giving up Tobacco Exercising Medications/Surgical Medical Administer -Testosterone -5? reductase -Adrenergic blocking agents Surgical -Perineal Postatectomy - Retropublic Prostatectomy - Suprapubic prostatectomy (Dhingra and Bhagwat, 2011) 2.

Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaBENIGN PROSTATICS HYPERPLASIA ETIOLOGY Primary Predisposing Middle aged and Edlerly Hypertension Diabetes Heart disease Precipitating Obesity Excessive Smoking Excess drinking of alcohol Reduced activity level (Roehrborn, 2008) Secondary Idiopathic Considered.