Geography of Personality: A Review of Rentfrow et al. 2008

Introduction

In "A Theory of the Emergence, Persistence, and Expression of Geographic Variation in Psychological Characteristics," Rentfrow, Gosling, and Potter (2008) present an empirical framework for the geography of personality. Working with data drawn from the United States, the researchers demonstrate the existence and nature of geographic variations in personality and social psychology. Moreover, Rentfrow et al. (2008) present a model that shows how psychological traits vary, where they vary, and why.

Purpose and Core Assumptions

Working from the core assumption that geography affects personality in both direct and indirect ways, Rentfrow et al. (2008) set out to identify which social indicators and specific processes may produce geographic differences. The purpose of the research is to present a model of the geography of personality that strengthens the existing literature and offers possibilities for practical application. For example, the authors suggest that an understanding of personality geography can help social workers address issues such as institutionalized racism and public health. Regional differences are described not only in terms of the political boundaries of states; the authors also address geography in terms of climate and other environmental factors.

Noting that the roots of research in personality geography lie in anthropology and early psychoanalytic research, Rentfrow et al. (2008) attempt to offer a more detailed and specific understanding of which features of the environment affect which social and psychological characteristics, and why. Issues such as selective migration are addressed to acknowledge that many individuals relocate because they are searching for a sense of belonging. In fact, the notion of "fitting in" and its relationship to psychological health and well-being is taken seriously by the researchers. Social influence and normative behavior, as well as environmental influences, are also incorporated into the model. For example, if it is considered socially acceptable to be extraverted in one region, then more residents of that region are likely to express gregarious traits.

Processes Linking Geography and Personality

Rentfrow et al. (2008) identify several processes or pathways through which geography influences personality. Personality affects behavior and behavioral norms, and group behaviors in turn shape geographic representation. Social influences and related external factors affect behavioral traits, while institutions within a specific state or region further shape behavior. Social norms, in particular, have a strong impact on the development of both individual and group-level traits.

Conclusion and Significance

Although much of the research seems like common sense conclusions drawn from an unreliable population sample, the Rentfrow et al. (2008) study remains a valuable starting point for the study of the geography of personality. Personality as the dependent variable is measured using the Five Factor Model (FFM), and the authors show how personality characteristics are distributed across regions and what specific correlates exist. These variables can in turn guide future research and inform public policy decisions. The research underscores the importance of taking macro-level issues into account when addressing individual psychology, social psychology, and public health.

Reference

Rentfrow, P. J., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2008). A theory of the emergence, persistence, and expression of geographic variation in psychological characteristics. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5).