This paper surveys three chemistry topics: trans fats, buckyballs, and liquid crystals. It explains how trans fatty acids form during hydrogenation, why their molecular structure differs from naturally occurring cis fats, and what health risks — including high cholesterol, heart disease, and diabetes — are associated with their consumption. The paper also introduces buckyballs (C60), the highly symmetrical carbon molecule capable of trapping other atoms, and examines liquid crystals, focusing on how the parallel alignment of nematic molecules produces ultra-strong synthetic fibers such as Kevlar. Mandatory trans fat labeling requirements in effect since 2006 are also noted.
Trans fats (also called trans-forming fats) contain a specific kind of unsaturated fatty acid. When there is a double bond between carbon atoms, the molecule bends in one of two different ways: the cis or the trans direction (230). Trans fats can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated, but they can never be saturated because of the configuration of the double carbon-carbon bond. Trans fats are created when oils are hydrogenated. The compounds produced — trans fatty acids — are unnatural and can be detrimental to a person's health.
A natural unsaturated fatty acid has several double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms, and it is these double bonds that make it unsaturated. Saturated fats, by contrast, have no double bonds; hydrogen atoms occupy the spaces between carbon atoms instead. When an oil is hydrogenated, the hydrogen atoms cannot be precisely controlled as they are added to the molecular structure.
A cis fat occurs when hydrogen atoms are added to the same side of the double bond. These fats occur naturally. However, if one hydrogen atom bonds to one side of the structure and the other bonds to the opposite side, a trans fat is created. Unlike cis fats — where atoms on the same side of the molecule allow it to bend and enable other chemicals and enzymes to bind to it — trans fats do not permit other molecules and enzymes to bind to them. This structural rigidity is central to their harmful biological effects.
Hydrogenated vegetable fats, where most dietary trans fats are found, are common in the food industry. Examples of foods containing trans fats include margarine, many foods marketed to children, potato chips, ice cream, and vegetable shortening. Trans fats are also found in the majority of fast food products.
"Buckyballs" are the roundest and most symmetrical large molecules known to science. They are geodesic dome-shaped structures sharing the same essential symmetry — C60, the third major form of pure carbon, alongside graphite and diamond. Buckyballs can come in various sizes, and other atoms can often become trapped inside them. Chemists at one university managed to trap helium and neon inside buckyballs — the first time chemists had ever observed helium and neon inside a compound of any kind (232). Buckyballs can also be manufactured to meet specific size requirements (232).
"Nematic molecules and Kevlar fiber production"
"Trans fat health effects and 2006 labeling rule"
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