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What is African?

The study of African and African American experience spans a wide range of academic disciplines, including history, sociology, literature, theology, political science, and public health. Courses in world studies, ethnic studies, and American history regularly ask students to examine how race, identity, and systemic inequality have shaped communities over time. The topic carries intellectual weight because it demands engagement with both historical forces—such as the lasting effects of slavery—and contemporary social realities affecting Black communities in America and beyond.

The papers archived under this topic approach the subject from several distinct angles. Historical analysis appears prominently, particularly tracing African American life from 1865 to the present, including examinations of institutions like the Black Church and Black entertainment and sports organizations. Literary analysis features as well, with attention to works such as Toni Cade Bambara's "The Lesson" and Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail." Other papers take a policy-oriented or comparative approach, weighing topics like the New Deal against later economic stimulus plans, or investigating how health organizations affect minority communities. Sociological case studies examine single Black mothers and poverty, adult literacy, and perceptions of policing.

A strong essay on this topic begins with a specific, arguable thesis rather than a broad statement about race in America. Evidence drawn from historical records, primary texts, policy data, or sociological research tends to carry the most weight. The most common pitfall is treating African American experience as monolithic—successful essays recognize diversity within communities and ground their claims in concrete, well-defined contexts.

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Social Justice Advocacy as a Fifth Force in Counseling Psychology

Social advocacy has been described by some counseling theorists as a "fifth force" paradigm that should be considered to rival if not replace other major counseling psychology paradigms regarding behavior and mental illness (Ratts, 2009). This paper briefly discusses what social justice/advocacy is, the debate regarding its status as a paradigm in counseling psychology, and how social advocacy can enhance both the client's experience and life and the professional counselor's personal, professional, and ethical obligations to helping others.

Spain's Christianization of America: Faith, Conquest & Identity

This paper provides an analysis concerning how the United States was Christianized by early Spanish settlers and missionaries, followed by the arrival of Protestants in the 19th century and then Pentecostalists in the early 20th century. Ten key words requested by the client are incorporated into the paper and form the basis for the sections that are provided.

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Psychology of Multiculturalism: Identity, Gender, and Minority Rights

This paper looks at the issue of multiculturalism, its development, its use by society and the ways in which the field of psychology have reacted towards, and used, multiculturalism.

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PEN-3 Model and Blood Pressure in African-American Men

The three factors of cultural empowerment according to the Pen-3 model can and should be taken into account when working with the target population. Each of the three factors of cultural empowerment: positive,…

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How Gandhi Influenced Martin Luther King Jr.'s Philosophy

Martin Luther King Jr. is a historical figure as he helped to win civic liberties and social equality for the Black Americans during the 1950s and 1960s. His approach towards the struggle was based on nonviolent civil disobedience as opposed to armed struggle. In that, he was inspired by the philosophy of nonviolence used by Gandhi to gain independence for India against the British. Despite belonging to two different cultures and historical periods, there is great fundamental similarity in the philosophies of both the leaders. At the same time, King adopts a more active approach and gives relatively less stress on personal suffering and endurance.

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Fruitopia Urban Advertising: Targeting Gen X and Gen Y

Effective advertising involves a complex series of strategies geared to lure the consumer to purchase the product. Most advertising involves "pulling" the customer to buy the product or service.

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Mandatory Sentencing and the War on Drugs: A Case Study Critique

Recent years have witnessed substantial changes in the sentencing laws. Scholars from the law fields have lamented and applauded the advent of both determinate and mandatory penalties; however, the interaction or the effectiveness of mandatory sentencing is not yet fully examined. This paper, explores various materials to provide a critique paper on a case study.

Susan B. Anthony, Stanton & Bloomer: Women's Suffrage

Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Amelia Bloomer were all instrumental in shifting the status of women in American society. Their writings reveal the personalities, assumptions, and values of the authors. Each of these women took incredible personal risks by challenging the underlying assumptions in the society that women were not valid, valuable members of society. The place of women in American society prior to suffrage was no better than domestic servitude. Anthony forever aligns herself with the likes of Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., by using the technique civil disobedience to achieve social justice. Each of these women recognized the connection between slavery of African-Americans and slavery of women. They each fought for abolition as well as suffrage, and therefore understood that women's rights were human rights.

Equiano, The Prince, and Douglass: Slave Narratives Compared

Equiano / Prince – Slave Stories Introduction The story of Olaudah Equiano began in Nigeria in 1745, when he was born; by the age of 11 Equiano was a victim of kidnapping and was sold to slave traders. His fate was not to be nearly as harsh as millions of other African natives that were seized and put into bondage, as his own writing reveals. But he was a slave and suffered the indignities that accompany slavery. The remarkable part of this story is the way that he tells his own story, written descriptively and in professional narrative, and what happens to him along the way. This paper references his tale, and also the paper reviews the life of a Muslim Prince who became a slave – Abdul Rahman Ibrahima (referred to in this paper as The Prince). In summary, the paper will conclude with the writing of Frederick Douglass, which offers perspective on slavery and is in contrast to the lives of Equiano and The Prince.

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Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care: A Review

The recent report of the Institute of Medicine, Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care (2002 Smedley et. al.), indicates that bias, stereotyping, and prejudice may often contribute…

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