Why do some adopted children suffer from attachment disorder? Adopting a child is always one of the sweetest gifts any family could have. Attachment Disorders refer to those psychiatric or mental sicknesses that continuously develop in kids or infants facing emotional attachments challenges towards other people living with or around them (Howe, p.265). It is worth noting that these challenges can be extensive, especially if these kids or infants are of a different race, different nationality, older age-wise, or even adopted by a household with a single parent.Why do some adopted children have attachment issues? What is missing for them that they don't like to be touched? A child could exhibit emotional attachment challenges in the early stages, including their first birthday (Howe, p.265). Often the relatives, parents, or matrons of orphanages take children to a doctor or a physician with several…...

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Work Cited

Lehmann, Stine, et al. \\\\\\"Reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder in school-aged foster children-A confirmatory approach to dimensional measures.\\\\\\" Journal of abnormal child psychology 44.3 (2016): 445-457.

Howe, David. \\\\\\"Attachment disorders: Disinhibited attachment behaviours and secure base distortions with special reference to adopted children.\\\\\\" Attachment & Human Development 5.3 (2003): 265-270.

Seriously, a reader cannot be certain that RAD is the key problem with T, who has had prenatal exposure to alcohol, marijuana and cocaine and has experienced "abuse and neglect" (Lyon p. 644). The article brings in the possibility that FASD or PTSD may be appropriate in describing "T" -- a 12-year-old Hispanic boy. But what stands out in the intervention of T. is the litany of medications given to T. while he was institutionalized due to wild and violent behaviors: Risperidone (3 mg); clozapine (200 mg); valproic acid (750 mg); guanfacine (4 mg); and desmopressin (0.6 mg).
In addition, T received chlorpromazine (50 mg every 2 hours) and Benadryl (50 mg every 4 hours) (Lyon p. 645) to curb his aggression. hat also stands out is the disclosure that Lyon received money from Eli Lilly to conduct this research on T. How much credibility does an author have in…...

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Works Cited

American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. (2008). Reactive Attachment Disorder.

Retrieved May 13, 2009, from  http://www.aacap.org/cs/root/facts_for_families//reactive_attachment_disorder .

Becker-Weidman, Arthur, and Hughes, Daniel. (2008). Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy:

An evidence-based treatment for children with complex trauma and disorders of attachment.

Attachment behaviors and attachment experiences are central to child development, and can have lasting impacts on adult psychology. Attachment refers to a “sustained, developmental...connection,” (Mossler, 2014, 13.1). The attachment process is emotional, but it also serves distinct biological and evolutionary functions in enabling the survival of the species. As Mossler (2014) points out, attachment bonds can be formed between an infant and any adult due to the fact that early humans contended with far greater physical and environmental risks that might leave infants vulnerable should one or both parents perish. Infants experiencing healthy attachments will also evolve a sense of security that is essential for psychological resilience and the reduction of risk for separation anxiety and other attachment-related issues. This paper outlines the different attachment theories provided by Bowlby and Ainsworth, both of which show how attachment experiences are central to the evolution of fundamental social needs, such as trust…...

On the one hand, it has been rated as a severe and engrossing clinical disease; on the other hand, there is no clear consensus or protocol in defining and assessing it. Much about it still remains to be understood.
The most popular form of therapy for children with attachment disorders is 'holding therapy'. 'Holding therapy' describes a form of intervention that consists of close physical contact with one or more therapists. The child is held across the lap of one or two therapists, whilst touch and eye contact between child and therapists are encouraged strongly through the session. Although 'holding' is supposed to provide the child with the care and security that she missed during her developmental years, and although it is also thought to be the way to break through to the child, and perhaps contain the child's distress or frustration, considerable controversy surrounds the practice. There has been…...

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Sources

Carter, C. (1998). Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 23, 779-818

Chisholm, K. (1998). A three-year follow-up of indiscriminate friendliness in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Child Development, 69, 1092-1106.

O'Connor, T. & Zeanah, C. (2003). Attachment disorders: Assessment strategies and treatment approaches. Attachment & Human Development, 5, 223-244

go Psychology
LaFond Padykula, N. And Conklin, P. (2010). The self-regulation model of attachment trauma and addiction. Clinical Social Work, 38(4), 351-360.

DOI: 10.1007/s10615-009-0204-6

LaFond Padykula theorized the self-regulation model (SRM) as a means of informing the practice of assessing and treating addiction and attachment trauma. dialectical philosophy John Bowlby[footnoteRef:1] (1988) developed the theory of attachment through his seminal work observing the distress of infants and young children who had been separated from their mothers. Bowlby asserted that attachment was not consciously controlled but was instead hard-wired in humans and many other animals. [1: Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Parent-child attachment and healthy human development. New York, NY: Basic Books.]

The theory builds on and integrates the attachment behavior research by Bowlby, positing addiction as the efforts of an individual to regulate their own attachment in the direction of more normal adaptive behavior. The theoretical foundation for the self-regulation model is multidisciplinary and…...

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Erickson, E.H. (1950). Childhood and Society. New York, NY: Norton.

Erickson contributed to the development of ego psychology beyond the framework that Freud presented in that Erickson attributed the formation of personality to culture and society in addition to sexuality. Erickson's theories consider the ego to be the most important aspect of personality as it can function independently from the id and the superego. Because the ego is an influential and powerful aspect of the personality, it adapts to the presenting situations to promote mental health and appropriate social adaptation. Erickson studied individuals exhibiting normal personality in addition to people who were considered to be neurotic. In this way, Erickson contributed to theory in the fields of normal psychology as well as abnormal psychology.

[Type text]

S., experts estimate the genuine number of incidents of abuse and neglect ranges three times higher than reported. (National Child Abuse Statistics, 2006) in light of these critical contemporary concerns for youth, this researcher chose to document the application of Object elation, Attachment Theories, and Self-Psychology to clinical practice, specifically focusing on a patient who experienced abuse when a child. Consequently, this researcher contends this clinical case study dissertation proves to be vital venture, which will contribute to enhancing research in the field of psychology.
For this clinical case study dissertation exploring Object elation, Attachment Theories, and Self-Psychology, along with researching information for the application of these theories to clinical practice, this researcher answered the following research questions.

esearch Questions

What is Winnicott's elational Model Theory?

What is Bowlby's Attachment Theory?

What is Kohut's Self-Psychology?

How may components of these three theories be applied to the clinical case chosen for this clinical case study dissertation's focus?

Enhancing…...

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References

American Psychiatric Association, (2004). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Test Revised. Washington DC.

Blatt, S. (1974). Levels of object representation in anaclytic and introjective depression. New York: International University Press.

Bowlby, J. (1969) Attachment. Volume One of Attachment and Loss, New York: Basic

Books.

BP Disorder
Bipolar disorder, originally called manic depressive disorder, is a severe mood disorder that vacillates between extreme "ups" (mania, hypomania) and "downs" (depression). The effects of having bipolar disorder can be observed across the patients social and occupational functioning. Often the patient is left isolated from work, friends, and family. Medications have become the first-line treatments for bipolar disorder; however, psychotherapy can offer additional benefits in the ongoing treatment of patients with bipolar disorder. This paper discusses the symptoms and treatment of bipolar disorder focusing on cognitive behavioral therapy and emotion focused therapy.

Bipolar Disorder

Description and differentiation

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders -- Fourth Edition -- Text evision (DSM-IV-T) one's mood is an all-encompassing and sustained feeling tone experienced internally by the person and influences the person's behavior and perception of the world. Affect is the external or outward expression of this inner state (American Psychiatric Association…...

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References

Alloy, L.B., Abramson, L.Y., Walshaw, P.D., Keyser, J., & Gerstein, R.K. (2006). A cognitive vulnerability-stress perspective on bipolar spectrum disorders in a normative adolescence brain, cognitive, and emotional development context. Developmental Psychopathology, 18(4), 1057-1103.

American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-Text Revision. Washington, DC: Author.

Beck, J.S. (1995). Cognitive therapy: Basics and beyond. New York: Guilford Press.

Butler, A.C., Chapman, J.E., Forman, E.M., & Beck, A.T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 17-31

Eating disorder is characterized by abnormal eating habits involving excessive or insufficient intake of food which is detrimental to the individual's physical and mental well-being. There are two common types of eating disorders although there are other types of eating disorders. The first is bulimia nervosa which is excessive eating coupled with frequent vomiting. The second type is anorexia nervosa which is immoderate restriction of food which leads to irrational weight gaining. The other types of eating disorders include eating disorders not otherwise specified which are essentially where a person has anorexic and bulimic behaviors, binge eating disorder which is compulsive overeating without any kind of compensatory behavior, and pica which is craving for certain non-food items such as glue, plaster, paper. It is estimated that roughly 10-15% of cases of eating disorders occur in males and statistics show that women are at a higher risk of developing eating disorders…...

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References

Doll, H.A., Petersen, S.E., & Stewart-Brown, S.L. (2005). Eating Disorders and Emotional and Physical Well-Being: Associations between Student Self-Reports of Eating Disorders and Quality of Life as Measured by the SF-36. Quality of Life Research, 14(3), 705-717. doi: 10.2307/4038820

Kime, N. (2008). Children's Eating Behaviours: The Importance of the Family Setting. Area, 40(3), 315-322. doi: 10.2307/40346135

Krauth, C., Buser, K., & Vogel, H. (2002). How High Are the Costs of Eating Disorders - Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa - for German Society? The European Journal of Health Economics, 3(4), 244-250. doi: 10.2307/3570016

Martin, A.R., Nieto, J.M.M., Jimenez, M.A.R., Ruiz, J.P.N., Vazquez, M.C.D., Fernandez, Y.C., . . . Fernandez, C.C. (1999). Unhealthy Eating Behaviour in Adolescents. European Journal of Epidemiology, 15(7), 643-648. doi: 10.2307/3582136

unning head: WEEK OUTLINE 12Social Anxiety DisorderI. IntroductionSocial anxiety disorder is termed as Social Phobia in DSM-5 (2013). The conversation can be inadequately assertive or overly submissive or, less generally, highly dominated by individuals with a social anxiety disorder. They can show an excessively stiff posture of the body or insufficient contact with the eyes, or speak in an overly polite manner. Individuals with Social Anxiety Disorder may seem reluctant to open to anybody while having a conversation. They tend to be reserved with people around them (APA, 2013).A. Social anxiety disorder is a neuropsychological disorder resulting from modifications in the neurological system, which results in psychological issues related to mental health.B. Diagnostic CriteriaAccording to the DSM-5, Diagnostic Criteria for a social anxiety disorder is such that there is noticeable fear or anxiety and it is linked to social situations in which an individual is expected to be observed by…...

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ReferencesAcquah, E. O., Topalli, P-Z., Wilson., M. L., Junttila, N., & Niemi, P. M. (2016). Adolescent loneliness and social anxiety as predictors of bullying victimisation. Int J Adolesc Youth, 21, 320–331.American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), American Psychiatric Pub, Washington, DC.Andrews Kukes Foundation for Social Anxiety. (2020). Lifestyle matters: Insights for supporting individuals with social anxiety. Retrieved from   B., Michaelis, S., & Wedekind, D. (2017). Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 19(2), 93-107. DOI: 10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/bbandelowBhatt, N. (2019). What are the major central nervous system (CNS) mediators of anxiety disorder symptoms? Retrieved from  https://www.medscape.com/ Bass-Hoogendam, J. M. (2020). Imaging the socially-anxious brain: recent advances and future prospects. F1000Res, 9. Retrieved from  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7122428/pdf/f1000research-9-23354.pdf Higuera, V. (2018). Social anxiety disorder. Retrieved from  https://www.healthline.com/health/anxiety/social-phobia#symptoms Inam, A., Mahjabeen, A., & Abiodullah, M. (2017). Causes of social anxiety among elementary grade children. Bulletin of Education and Research, 39(2), 31-42. Jefferies, P., & Ungar, M. (2020). Social anxiety in young people: A prevalence study in seven countries. PLoS ONE 15(9): e0239133.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239133 Khetrapal, A. (2019). Neural mechanisms of Social Anxiety Disorder. Retrieved from  https://www.news-medical.net/health/Neural-Mechanisms-of-Social-Anxiety-Disorder.aspx Kodal, A., Bjelland, I., Gjestad, R., Wergeland, G., Havik, O., Heiervang, E., & Fjermestad, K. (2017). Subtyping social anxiety in youth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 49, 40-47.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.03.009 Litner, J. (2020). What to know about social anxiety disorder. Retrieved from  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/176891 Mayo Foundation. (2017). Social anxiety disorder (social phobia). Retrieved from  https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/social-anxiety-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353567 Norton, A., & Abbott, M. (2017). The role of environmental factors in the aetiology of social anxiety disorder: A review of the theoretical and empirical literature. Cambridge Core, 34(2), 76-97Shpancer, N. (2020). How SAD happens: The development of Social Anxiety Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/insight-therapy/202002/how-sad-happens-the-development-social-anxiety-disorderUniversity of Bonn. (2017). Social phobia: Indication of a genetic cause. Retrieved from  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/03/170309120629.htm Zhang, W., Yang, X., Lui, S., Meng, Y., Yao, L., Xiao, Y. . ., & Gong, Q. (2015). Diagnostic prediction for social anxiety disorder via multivariate pattern analysis of the regional homogeneity. BioMed Research International, http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/763965https://akfsa.org/lifestyle-matters-insights-for-supporting-individuals-with-social-anxiety/ Bandelow,

Media in the Development of Antisocial Personality Disorder vs. the Effect of Media in the Development of Prosocial Behavior
Some researchers contend that media has a negative impact on individuals and can be instrumental in the development of antisocial personality disorder (obertson, McAnally, Hancox, 2013), while other researchers contend that media can actually have a positive effect on individuals and support prosocial behavior (Greitemeyer, 2011; Greitemeyer, Oswald, 2011). This paper will discuss the two competing viewpoints regarding the effects of media on the mental disorder of antisocial personality disorder (APD) and then discuss why I support the view that media is inherently antisocial and thus has a negative effect on the development of APD. The paper will conclude with an experimental research idea containing a reason for the study and the issue that will be resolved by the experiment.

Position

Media does have a negative impact on personality development that can lead…...

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References

Collings, S., Niderkrotenthaler, T. (2012). Suicide prevention and emergent media:

surfing the opportunity. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 33: 1-4.

Davis, B. (2008). Defeating Diabetes: Lessons from the Marshall Islands. Today's

Dietitian, 10(8): 24.

Psychometric Properties

The normative sample for the DAPS included 620 participants from a stratified random sampling from Department of Motor Vehicles registries and telephone listings (Smith). Of these 620 participants, 446 reported at least one DSM-IV-T experience in the past. Smith also reports that 70 university students were sampled as well. The assessment authors conducted another sample to measure reliability. The study included 257 undergraduate students, 191 clinical patients, and 58 participants recruited through flyers and newspaper advertisements (Smith). Both samples were primarily female, 74% in the university sample and 80% in the community sample, as well as Caucasian, 84% in the university sample and 77% in the community sample (Smith). The mean age was 19.6 in the university sample and 35 in the community sample.

Boothroyd reports the following reliability and validity data for the DAPS. The majority of the 13 scales have Cronbach coefficients above .8, and internal consistency estimates…...

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References:

Axford, S.N.. (n.d.) Review the posttraumatic stress diagnostic scale. Mental Measurements Yearbook. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Boothroyd, R.A. (n.d.) Review of detailed assessment of posttraumatic stress. Mental Measurements Yearbook. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Courtois, C.A. (2008). Complex trauma, complex reactions: Assessment and treatment. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, (1), 86-100. doi:10.1037/1942-9681.S.1.86

Doll, B. (n.d.) Review the posttraumatic stress diagnostic scale. Mental Measurements Yearbook. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Individual Programmatic Assessment
TEATMENTS OPTIONS FO IEGULA SLEEP-WAKE SYNDOME

Irregular Sleep-Wake Syndrome is a form of a psychological disorder also called Irregular Sleep-Wake hythm. People with Irregular Sleep-Wake Syndrome have non-aligned sleep times. These people have sleeping patterns that do not adhere to the "normal" times of sleeping at night. The sleeping patterns are disorganized to a magnitude that one cannot tell the presence of a clear sleep or wake pattern. Such people have a tendency to sleep off on some naps over a 24-hour period. The sleep patterns have been split into pieces. They behave like infants who sleep for a few hours, wake up for some other few hours, and also sleep off for some few hours, with the cycle repeating with no clear sequence. During the day, the number of sleep times may be high since they like napping a lot. During the night, they seem to suffer from…...

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References

American, P. A. (2015). Sleep-Wake Disorders: DSM-5 Selections. New York: American Psychiatric Pub

Flamez, B., & Sheperis, C. (2015). Diagnosing and Treating Children and Adolescents: A Guide for Mental Health Professionals. New York: John Wiley & Sons

Fontaine, K. L. & LeFontaine (2014). Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Nursing Practice. New York: Pearson

Kerkhof, G. A., & Dongen, H. P. A. (2011). Human Sleep and Cognition: Part II. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Nursing Theory Framework
Attachment Theory

ecognizing Addiction through Attachment Theory

Affect egulation and Addiction

Handling Addiction as an Attachment Disorder

The First Phase of Therapy

Concepts

Autonomy

Beneficence

Nonmaleficence

Nursing Theory Framework

The misappropriation of prescription drugs by teens in the United States is a growing public health issue. Using a nursing theory framework, the scope of the problem of prescription drug use among teens is reviewed. Equal in variety to manifestations of addiction are sundry psychological theories that attempt to explain and treat the problem. Hardy (2011) was able to look into four traditional models for recognizing alcoholism (social learning theory, tension reduction theory, personality theory, and interactional theory,) in addition to five theoretical models that were developing at the time of their writing.

An approach to treating and understanding addiction that has created a huge amount of research in current decades, and which displays big promise for effective treatment of those who are undergoing addictions, has derived from attachment theory.…...

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References

Caplan, J.P. (2012). Neuropsychiatric effects of prescription drug abuse. Neuropsychology Review, 17(3), 363-80.

Elkashef, A.M. (2012). Prevention and treatment of addiction. Psychiatric Times, 16-18.

Fischer, B.P. (n.d.). Assessing the prevalence of nonmedical prescription opioid use in the general canadian population: Methodological issues and questions. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(9), 606-9.

Flores, P.J. (2012). Group psychotherapy and neuro-plasticity: An attachment theory perspective. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 60(4), 546-70.

compromised early attachment relationship becomes a risk factor in a child's development by adolescence. The writer explores the theory that it sets the teens on a course for subsequent violence including domestic violence and non-intimate violence. There were five sources used to complete this paper.
In recent years the nation's attention has turned to violent behavior in teens. Adolescents have moved to the spotlight in many areas of teen development. In recent history there have been news stories about the Columbines as well as issues such as date rape, teen relationship abuse and other examples of adolescent violence. The focus is currently on what causes the teens to become violent and attention is turning to the history of their life. Experts are examining the effect that a disruption in attachment has on the later development of the adolescents especially with regards to violence.

The Developing Mind by Dan Siegel addresses the…...

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REFERENCES

Author not available, Rebirthing, Attachment Disorder Red Flags for Bipolar Disorder in Children, Says Child & Adolescent Bipolar Foundation., Ascribe Newswire, 09-25-2002.

Marcus, Robert F; Kramer, Catherine, Reactive and proactive aggression: Attachment and social competence predictors., Journal of Genetic Psychology, 09-01-2001, pp 260.

Solomon, J., George, C., & Dejong, A. (1995). Children classified as controlling at age six: Evidence of disorganized representational strategies and aggression at home and at school. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 447-464.

Troy, M., & Sroufe, L.A. (1987). Victimization among preschoolers: Role of attachment relationship history. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 166-172.

Mothering and Development
The presence of a sensitive mother throughout a child's developmental period is an essential determinant of healthy growth and maturation. The establishment of a solid social and emotional foundation during a child's formative years can not only aid in preparing one's youngster for life in the outside world, it can also instill a beneficial groundwork in the basic concepts of the self (Cassidy, 1990). In order to achieve such noble maternal goals a good mother needs to possess a plethora of fostering characteristics. The most important of such qualities include love, responsiveness, consistency, an eye to encourage and the ability to provide the child with a sense of security. Successful implementation of the aforementioned traits will allow the child to develop a healthy attachment to the mother. This attachment is most often constructed in the stages of infancy. Through the informative and enlightening work of John owlby and…...

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Bibliography

Caldji, C., Tannenbaum, B., Sharma, S., Francis, D., Plotsky, P.M., & Meaney, M.J. (1998, February 24). Maternal Care During Infancy Regulates the Development of Neural Systems Mediating the Expression of Fearfulness in the Rat. Retrieved February 22, 2011, from  http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC20261/ 

Cassidy, J. (1990). Theoretical and Methodological Considerations in the Study of Attachment and the Self in Young Children. In M.T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, & E.M. Cummings, Attachment in the Preschool Years: Theory, Research and Intervention (pp. 87-119). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Cherry, K. (2011). Attachment Theory. Retrieved February 22, 2011, from  http://psychology.about.com/od/loveandattraction/a/attachment01.htm 

Bretherton, I. (1992). The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Journal of Developmental Psychology, 28 (5), 759-775.

Essay Topics Related to Case Studies from a Psychological Perspective

Case studies offer rich qualitative data for in-depth psychological analysis. Here are some essay topics that explore diverse psychological perspectives within case studies:

1. Psychodynamic Analysis

The role of unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms in a case study of an individual with anxiety disorder.
Examining the childhood experiences and attachment patterns of a patient with borderline personality disorder, using a psychodynamic lens.
Exploring the therapeutic process and transference dynamics in a case study of psychoanalysis.

2. Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective

Analyzing the cognitive distortions and behavioral patterns of a patient with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Evaluating the....

Impact of Open vs. Closed Adoption on Child's Mental and Emotional Well-being

Adoption is a profound life event that significantly shapes a child's identity and well-being. Whether an adoption is open or closed plays a crucial role in the child's mental and emotional development.

Open Adoption

In an open adoption, the adopted child has contact with their birth parents and extended family, while the adoptive parents and birth parents maintain an ongoing relationship. Research has consistently shown that open adoption offers several benefits for the child's well-being:

Improved Identity Formation: Open adoption allows the child to explore and understand their genetic and cultural....