Criminal Justice Essays Examples

Criminal Justice System Normally Refers to the

Criminal justice system normally refers to the compilation of the prevailing federal; state accompanied by the local public agencies those pacts with the crime problem. These corresponding agencies procedure suspects, defendants accompanied by the convicted offenders and are normally mutually dependent insofar as the prevailing decisions of the single agency influence other supplementary agencies (Cole & Smith, 2009). The fundamental framework of the underlying system is normally granted through the lawmaking, judicial and the executive twigs of the government. The major significant advancements within the criminal justice system within the past decade has been the widespread execution of the corresponding initiatives designed that pertain to the diverting of the populace with mental sickness accompanied by the addictions away from the prevailing imprisonment and their treatments (David, 2008). The development of the existing jail distraction programs, mental health courts and drug courts has been promoted through the belief that these prevailing programs addresses a pressing policy issue and subsequently save money. The underlying programs claim to have resulted to the production of the significant reduction within the recidivism accompanied by its economical value that pertains to saving lots of money during its process of implementation. The approximation of the cost savings…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice System Juvenile Delinquency

For example, Cook County, IL, has built a network of support for juvenile female offenders within the local community. The county has developed its own gender-specific assessment and treatment guidelines and has trained youth-facing community workers on assessing juvenile offenders and recommending programming. (Juvenile Justice Journal, 1999, p. 30). Also, the county designed a pilot network of social service agencies in order to provide a community-based continuum of care. (Juvenile Justice Journal, 1999, p. 30). This continuum of care helps to prevent at risk youth from slipping through the cracks.

Cook County's program was so successful that the State of Connecticut adopted a similar network of institutions practicing a uniform assessment method. Whereas Cook County agencies used the assessments to select programming choices for at-risk youth, Connecticut criminal justice institutions used the assessments to issue alternative sanctions tailored to the juvenile offender's particular risks, needs, and strengths. (Juvenile Justice Journal, 1999, p. 30).

3.Analyze trends and patterns of these programs as they contribute to reduced recidivism.

It is telling that states and various local governments, which possess different powers, responsibilities, and capabilities, have all converged on a rehabilitative, diversionary approach to female juvenile programming. Each institution came to the realization…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Leadership Strategies and Practices

Criminal Justice Leadership Strategies and Practices

Leadership Strategies and Practice

Examples and Analysis of Roles

Organizational culture

Behavioral Theory

Planning

The criminal justice leadership strategies are also partly similar to business practices followed in commercial organizations. However, the difference in chain of command, organizational culture and theories applicable for criminology are unique. The criminal justice organizations also develop strategies that are relevant for their organizational culture as well as with respect to the community relations. These organizations also establish a unique lesion with civilians as well as with other government and administrative functions of the state. The work below provides examples and information regarding the functioning of criminal justice organizations, their leadership and practices adopted to formulate strategies. The research also analyzes the roles of criminal justice leadership strategies with respect to the organizational culture, behavioral theory, planning, and community relations.

Criminal Justice:

The department of criminal justice is not only limited to prosecution and policing but is also involves various law enforcement agencies. The role of police, community police, intelligence agencies, prosecution, and other community help units is also quite helpful for societies. The role of leadership strategy in governing criminal justice organizations is also vital. The criminal justice…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Victims and Crime Evaluation

Criminal justice system refers to either the state or federal set of agencies and processes which are created by governments to control crime and to engage in penalties and discipline on those who break the law and who hurt others or damage property. "There is no single criminal justice system in the United States but rather many similar, individual systems. How the criminal justice system works in each area depends on the jurisdiction that is in charge: city, county, state, federal or tribal government or military installation" (NCVC, 2012). Thus, what can make the criminal justice system so tricky and difficult to understand is largely because different jurisdictions have differing laws, agencies and methods of criminal justice management (NCVC, 2012). Thus, the state system is in charge of handling crimes which occur within the state boundaries; the federal system handles crimes which occur in multiple states or on federal property (NCVC, 2012). Within this complex system, different people engage in different roles. The prosecutor, defense attorney, criminal and victim have unique parts to play within this intricate system.

Prosecutors

Prosecutors are attorneys who represent the state or federal government, though not the victim via the court process from the first…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice System Ethics in Criminal Procedure

Criminal Justice System: Ethics in Criminal Procedure

Ethics refers to the principles of morality that govern an individual's behavior. Ethics, therefore, provides the basis through which an individual defines, and distinguishes between the good and the bad. This implies that it is ethics that provides the framework for the duties and responsibilities an individual owes to himself, and to the community. Today, ethics define how corporations, professionals, and individuals relate with one another. Within the criminal justice system, ethics refers to the standards that govern the conduct of persons working within the criminal justice system (Kleinig, 2008). It defines the professionalism of prison guards, judges, attorneys, prosecutors, and police officers (Kleinig, 2008).

The Process of the Criminal Justice System

There are ten stages involved in the criminal justice system; initial contact, investigation, arrest, custody, indictment, detention/bail, plea bargaining, adjudication, disposition, and post convict remedies (the Legal Dictionary, 2014). Initial contact involves observation and awareness; an officer is made aware of a criminal activity (the Legal Dictionary, 2014). Investigation involves acquiring facts that are relevant to the case, with the aim of identifying the real offender (the Legal Dictionary, 2014). Arrest marks the beginning of custody; a legal arrest is made…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice System

Criminal justice system is comprised of elaborate pieces of a huge puzzle. The age of "Order," CSI, and various other TV programs has actually all however removed the genuine components of the puzzle that bring about the arrest of the suspect. Prior to being employed, one is enlightened on how this works; he ought to be warned of the jobs that everyone plays and at exactly what phase they are purchased into the scene. Everybody from the cop to the judge comes across the suspect at various phases and there are numerous things that occur to preserve the flow of the justice system.

Review of the Criminal Justice System

Law enforcement agent, Judges, Area Lawyer, and District attorneys all play their own component in the criminal justice system. They all have their own various communications with either the suspicious or criminal defendant. There are various things that have to occur prior to each component fulfilling their possibility of the meeting the suspect or criminal. The exact same options exist for the suspect, generally his first communication is with the police officer, and relying on his participation or (absence of) he will have a meet with the defense attorney, the district…… [Read More]

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Criminal Procedure The Criminal Justice

d.). Armed robbery is an offense carried out while in possession of a drawn weapon like gun despite of whether it was fired or not. Plea negotiation or bargaining is usually conducted in order to lessen trial expense and involves the provision of a lesser sentence by the prosecutor in exchange for admission of guilt. Pre-trial conference involves discussions between the defense, prosecutor, and judge to ascertain the need for the case to go to trial. No Contest Plea is where the defendant accepts punishment without the formal admission of guilt while Not Guilty Plea is the claim of innocence by the defendant and Guilty Plea is admission of guilt by the defendant.

Conclusion:

Similar to all criminal cases, Mr. Crook's case goes through various steps in the American Criminal Justice System. The legal authority that is used in presenting the advice to Mr. Crook is based on my knowledge in law and government classes. With regards to law, my classes mainly focus on criminal investigation in which I have continued to excel. Moreover, I have conducted research on contemporary law, issues and cases that are relevant to criminal justice procedure and felony cases.

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"Arrest Procedures." (n.d.). Steps in…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Administration the Criminal Justice System

Criminal Justice Administration

The criminal justice system involves practices and institutions directed by governments in place to ensure that social control is upheld, crime mitigation and deterring or going ahead to sanction those that are in violation of laws through criminal penalties and rehabilitating them.at the same time those who have been accused of any crime are protected against abuse of the powers to investigate or prosecute them. The paper will look at the key issues when it comes to criminal justice administration today.

The criminal justice system today consists of three main parts which are the legislative part, the adjudication part and the correction part. The legislation part has the duty of creating laws which have to be followed by every individual. Incase one does not follow these laws they might find themselves faced with charges against them. The adjudication comprises of courts which are the venues for settling disputes and at the same time administering justice.in the court setting there are various people; prosecutor, judge and the defense attorney. The correction part comprises of parole, prison, or jail. With the knowledge of what the criminal justice comprises of we can now look at criminal justice administration today (American…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Policies Criminal Justice

Other Implications

If the issue of pant sagging is not addressed, it will lead to public dissatisfaction, especially from people who have raised concerns. It will also continue the implications on black men as being disrespectful gangsters, or as Cosby says (middle class blacks who are disrespected and despised gangsters, whose egregious behavior is sagging pants). It will also continue the implication that the black represent some unified community which is monolithic so that discrimination to them (blacks) is de-racialized. Other implications are there as seen in the Basketball Association, where they sought to enforce the dress code, stating that hip hop dressing projected an image that tends to alienate middle class members in the audience. The economic implication about sagging pants is that it prevents the youth from getting jobs leading to the high number of unemployed youth especially the blacks.

Recommendations

Some take the ban as a racist move targeting African-Americans, and others think it is a leeway for the police to further harass the young people. The council should think twice before making the new ban and regulations because it is gross to others. Sometimes the law is not the answer to every problem in life, other…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice it it Is Becoming Very

Criminal Justice IT

It is becoming very clear how much of an impact the newest technological advances have on the world. For example, consider how quickly the information spread via the social media about Osama bin Laden's death. Technology innovations are also greatly impacting the criminal justice system in the U.S. By providing significant improvements in the way that agencies find, process, share and utilize information. With the present speed of change, many new information technology advances are still on their way for the 18,000 police departments and several thousand prosecutorial court and correction agencies in the U.S. (Pattavina, 2005). In the future, as the digital world continues to advance in complexity, the criminal justice system will continue to improve in overall effectiveness and capabilities in crime measurement, control and response.

Since the 1960s, criminal justice system agencies have been using information technology to gain a better understanding of the issues and challenges they face, improve the management of daily operations, lower operation costs and develop and enhance strategic planning and tactical approaches. Information technology has positively impacted law enforcement even more so over the past several decades (Pattavina, 2005). This is especially the case in the area of crime…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Administration Taking Into

" (Weinstein, 2003) This range is dependent upon the charges that are brought against the defendant in the criminal case as well as "some aspects of the conduct underlying the charges." (Weinstein, 2003) Judges are legally required to "impose a specific sentence is subject to the exercise of discretion in two areas" which are those of:

1) the judge makes the determination that the sentence must be within the Guideline range; and 2) in cases which involve downward departures where the sentence imposed may be below the applicable guidelines range. (Weinstein, 2003)

Judges are naturally sought by the public for the purpose of influencing the outcomes in cases which they preside over. And public opinion must surely, at least to some extent, and depending upon the ethics within the specific community, exert some influence upon the opinions and rulings of a judge in some cases. Just as well, the Judge cannot but help to feel pressure from the opinions of other political figures within the same state or county in which they serve. And as well, the employees of a Judge may oftentimes feel that the Judge has imposed too harsh a punishment upon a community member who is well…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Process Considerable Attention

Does the criminal justice system discriminate? Provide support your position with reference to the various components of the process, and give an explanation for either why the system discriminates, or why it appears to discriminate.

Yes, the criminal justice system discriminates. African-American males are overrepresented in every part of the criminal process, though there has been no good evidence to show that they actually engage in criminal behavior at rates that are so grossly disproportionate to the participation rates of the rest of society.

In fact, enough young adult African-American males are incarcerated that it impacts the African-American community by contributing to single parenthood, making it less likely that African-American women will find spouses, and perpetuating a cycle of violence and incarceration.

In addition to racial discrimination, women who kill their spouses receive sentences that are roughly four to five times as long as the sentences that men receive when they kill their spouses. Though the Supreme Court has outlawed the execution of the mentally retarded, the mentally retarded are tremendously represented on death row. Likewise, the mentally ill are overrepresented in the criminal justice system, despite the fact that many of the underlying mental illnesses experienced by these people…… [Read More]

Criminal Justice Administration

Criminal Justice: Challenges and Developments

The criminal justice system in the United States, and indeed anywhere in the world, is a governmental tool to ensure the safety and security of the citizens of the country. Certain areas have however been considered in research to steer away from this goal. The public has for example lost a considerable amount of trust in the system as a result of apparent oppressive practices in the system. Furthermore alcohol has been proved to be a problem in many crimes; yet many of the prisoners with drinking problems remain untreated, and crimes are perpetuated as a result. There are also however significant developments within the system, including IT advances, which could help to create an increase in job opportunities in a variety of departments.

Perceived Oppression in the Criminal Justice System

The United States prison system appears to be the icon of years of accumulated oppressive practices against especially African-Americans. Indeed, according to Parenti, the 900% growth of the Justice Department's budget over the last 20 years seems to have mostly been used in order to build an increasing number of prisons. These are used to house an increasing amount of prisoners (currently around 60%…… [Read More]

Criminal Justice Law Enforcement Some Things Are

Criminal Justice

Law enforcement

Some things are fundamental to the history and progressive development of human society. The evolution of technology brings with it new challenges in the management of the security of the state. For this motive that law enforcement systems is set in the society to maintain and promote law and order (Law enforcement, 2002). Law enforcement systems act in organized manner, in the process of promoting adherence to the law of the country and identifying those who violate the laws and norms that govern the society. Law enforcement engages in the patrols and surveillance in dissuading and discovering criminal activities, investigating and apprehending the offenders. Law enforcement agencies and systems work in conjunction with judiciary services and correctional facilities, following the constitution of the land.

Parts of the Constitution of the United States most relevant to the ethical standards of law enforcement professionals

The United States law enforcement agencies -- that is the police and private law enforcers- compose the professionals in the system. These professionals work within the designated constitutional principles of the country in their duty of maintaining order. The constitutional requirements for recruiting and qualifying to become a law enforcement professional govern the professionals.…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Explain Community Corrections

This may mean an expansion of white-collar task forces designed to investigate such crimes.

Question

Predictions are that terrorist will continue to commit heinous criminal acts against our citizens in the future. If this prediction comes true, what, if any, effects will this have on the corrections system. Will Criminal Justice Administrators need to rethink what "model" (more punitive or restorative model) of justice should be used if more and more terrorist are incarcerated in our prison system?

Why or why not?

If terrorism becomes the focus of the criminal justice and prison system, this means that more and more non-citizens are likely to be incarcerated in the future. The result of this is that the United States must develop a more clearly defined policy to handle suspected terrorists in a legal and ethical fashion, so as not to draw the anger of the international community, or of congress. A new set of specific guidelines must be developed as to definitions of combatants and non-combatants, as to what is cruel and unusual punishment even for non-citizens, and what are accepted interrogation techniques for U.S. officers and police to pursue when dealing with suspected terrorists. The government must provide specific guidance…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Systems Comprise of

Issues of justice and fairness during the trial of offenders could also be found the area of timeliness under the criminal justice systems.

Discussion Two: Issues Arising from Other Issues

At Excelsior College, many areas of specialization have been dwelt on by different students. To be precise, for example, the college covers issues related to homeland security, criminal justices and justice systems and the enforcement of the law. One area that the students indulged in is the treatment of mentally ill offenders during pre-trial, trial and their time in prison. Basically, the area deals with the treatment of criminal offenders and the justice system procedures of trial. Basically, these issues of justice, fair treatment when serving time in prison, and timeliness during trial could also apply in other field of study. In the same way the mentally ill have dissimilar incentives to assist them recover while in custody, other criminals have equal rights in the sense that they have to undergo corrective measures such as indulging in community service and attending spiritually cultivating sessions that will change them for the better. The normal offenders, should therefore, be considered under the policies and regulation controlling corrective facilities just like the mentally…… [Read More]

Criminal Justice Ethics Journals Journal

Though the assets were seized without any promise or even expectation of individual officers gaining personal financial rewards, the ethical considerations of this problem are fairly obvious. It sets a dangerous precedent for future investigations involving large amounts of cash, expensive cars and homes, and other goods and property that is easily saleable at the completion of an investigation. The wide distribution of the money derived from the seized assets does something to alleviate the ethical problem that this situation clearly presents, but it does not solve the problem.

Journal 6: "RCPD say small percent of offenders produce large percent of crime," Riley County Kansas Channel 49 News

There is strong evidence that criminal offenders, especially those that commit certain types of crimes, have a high rate of recidivism. This article bears out that fact, and includes the rather controversial statement that "If you arrest the right people...the crime rate goes down." Again, the moral repugnance of such a perspective is quickly tempered by the practical results of such a view. The article details the case of a nineteen-year-old male who has been repeatedly charged with burglaries. Obviously, putting him in jail will stop him from committing more burglaries. Though…… [Read More]

Criminal Justice Theory and Policy

To have an appropriate policy outcome, an investigation is necessary to determine the basis of their relationship. This is necessary since both the attorney and the public will be in a position to justify if he shot his wife unknowingly.

On the third website there is a case concerning a murderous ex-cop who faces cases of murder and hopes to get another chance. In such a case, there has to be evidence on the charges laid against the ex-cop and they are applicable in the case to establish the significant policy outcome. In lack of concrete evidence then it is unnecessary to charge the ex-cop against a series of murder, which is a callous act. The jury has to get proper information and then establish the kind of justice that will prevail on the case.

The three above proposals are similar in a way that they entail an important part before deciding on the kind of justice. The similarity on the three proposals is the fact that there is need to conduct an investigation before charging the accused. The difference is the fact the final policy outcome will differ in accordance to the case. Some cases will have evidences that…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Powell Michael Bragging of Safety

Criminal Justice

Powell, Michael. "Bragging of Safety While Many Live in Fear." New York Times. 22 April, 2014. Retrieved online: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/22/nyregion/bragging-of-safety-while-many-live-in-fear.html

In this article, Michael Powell claims that in spite of New York City's stellar record of crime reduction there remain "sad and bloody corners" of the city, especially in the outer boroughs. In some areas, and especially in low-income housing projects, crime has actually increased. Another problem that Powell addresses in this article is the issue of stop and frisk as a police tactic. This tactic is abused, and is clearly racist in its application. As a result, the administration of Mayor De Blasio confronts several civil rights lawsuits. Powell touches upon a central issue in criminal justice: the need to balance patrols and prevention with an overbearing police presence. Some residents appreciate the strong police presence because it may make their housing developments safer. Yet others feel like they are living under constant surveillance, all because they are poor and not white. I do not have any answers, but would say that a balance is most certainly necessary. All citizens have a right to police protection, but the police should engage the residents and ensure that their presence…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Trends the Trends of the

Criminal Justice Trends

The trends of the past, present and future that outline the borders connecting the criminal justice system components and their links adjoining the society is, beyond doubt, an authentic relationship that the law and society have established. Criminal justice has been affected by various trends in the times gone by. This is because trends keep changing with the passage of time. Therefore, it is exceedingly important for the criminal justice system to try even harder if it wants to achieve success and go beyond such trends that give rise to innovative crimes. It is not easy for anyone to find out the connections linking the criminal justice system and trends of criminal activities as they are inconsistent. As a consequence, the criminal justice system is affected by the continuous changes in crime patterns and trends. However, in the contemporary world of today, the criminal justice system is trying its very best to fine-tune itself for protecting and serving the revolutionizing society.

There are a number of trends that have affected the criminal justice system and those trends are still affecting it in the present times. To begin with, the first trend is linked with sex and racial/ethnic…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice On September 18 at Around

Criminal Justice:

On September 18 at around 2:30 PM, the victim, a famous citizen in the community was assaulted and robbed of his wallet by the defendant on his way home. The victim was not only assaulted but he was also pushed against his car and threatened with a knife. The crime generated huge media attention because of the victim's popularity as calls for speedy arrest and conviction of the criminal gained momentum. As heavy pressure was place on the law enforcement officers to arrest the criminal, the defendant was apprehended several days later while carrying the wallet of the victim and knife and was subsequently identified in a lineup by the victim. During preliminary of the case, the defendant was pronounced indigent and offered with a public defender and even denied bail because of the nature of the crime. While he chose not to take to the stand, the defendant was convicted of several charges associated with the assault and is awaiting sentencing.

Double Jeopardy in these Proceedings:

Based on the Fifth Amendment to the American constitution, double jeopardy is an aspect in the criminal law that forbids the government from prosecuting people more than once for a single…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Is About the Laws Which

Criminal justice is about the laws which are related to criminal behaviour. Criminal justice includes the area where judiciary is involved for e.g., police and lawyers. Lawyers are directly associated with the crime because they can defend or prosecute the criminals. As a professional field of study criminal justice involves studying the behaviour. The aim of the study is to gain knowledge and awareness of rules, laws and rights of victims and suspect both.

In Criminal Justice ethics, diversity and conflict plays a major role. As a student of Criminal Justice I have learned that ethics is important in making moral judgments which demonstrates clearly that what is right and what is wrong. An ethical framework of justice is required to make fair decisions. When we talk about ethics in criminal justice here, we are suppose to forget about the emotions, personal values and instincts that can create or raise questions over a decision. Ethics in criminal justice study stimulates analyzing and questioning habits which are essential to make fair decisions. It also supports in analyzing the ethical consequences of decisions. In criminal justice ethics tells us how to manage and relate the policies regarding the major concerns of law…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Administration Mainly Focuses on Crime

Criminal justice administration mainly focuses on crime prevention and punishing any illegal activities. Criminal justice administration is wide and it entails law enforcement and the judicial administration. Some of the jobs that relate to criminal justice administration include; security coordination, juvenile delinquency administration, law enforcement and being a courtroom official. Additional crime is also part of criminal justice administration. This field entails terrorism prevention, immigration policies and social policies. Other duties that criminal justice entails include; police officer, community relations advocate and correctional officer. For an officer working with the criminal justice administration, his work involves law enforcement (Bharti, 2008).

Key issues in Criminal Justice Administration today

The criminal justice administration today faces various issues and problems thus needing serious reforms. In most cases, many nonviolent offenders go to jail because many prosecutors and district attorneys succumb to political pressure hence become tough on crime. The prisons are always populated and there are minimal resources to ensure there are significant improvements in the system. Some of the key issues facing Criminal justice department today include; wrongful convictions, gangs, racial injustices in the administration, excessive criminalization, socio economic considerations, and problems with informants (Miller, 2011).

Wrongful convictions

One of the major…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Field Define What

In the experimental community, the researchers instituted a media campaign to increase seat-belt usage, followed by increased police enforcement of the seat-belt law. It was found that the percentage of drivers using seat belts increased in the experimental community but remained stable or declined slightly in the comparison community (Piquero and Piquero, 2002).

An example of the before-and-after design would be the analysis of the impact of the Massachusetts Bartley-Fox gun law. This law carried a one-year minimum prison sentence for the unlicensed carrying of firearms. Their early evaluation showed a decrease in gun-related assaults, robberies, and homicides, but was offset by increases in non-gun assaults and robberies using other weapons (Piquero and Piquero, 2002).

Cross-sectional designs involve studies of one group at one point in time. Consequently, they offer a quick look at or snapshot of the phenomena that is being studied. Classically, they refer to a representative sample of the group and therefore allow researchers to simplify their findings. Cross-sectional research designs saturate criminology and criminal justice research. Hirschi's famous study of causes of delinquency utilized a cross-sectional design in which he asked male respondents a series of questions related to involvement in delinquent activities and emotional ties…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Process a Felony

A plea-bargain is frequently attained at this time in order to circumvent a trial. In the event that a plea-bargain is reached, the case does not move forward to a trial but failure to offer enough evidence to establish a plea bargain will mean that the case goes on to trial (Criminal Justice System Handbook, 2009).

The trail

Trials consist of a sequence of proceedings where the prosecutor presents evidence which will be used to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. In felony cases, the defendant is given chances to admit their innocence but there are also times where they are presented that they may dispute the validity of evidence that has been presented by the prosecutor. Felony cases normally entail the services of a jury who listen to the case proceedings together with the judge and then after careful assessment of the evidence that is presented; they make judgment on whether the person accused is guilty of committing the crime or not (Steps in the Criminal Justice Process, n.d.).

The opening remarks which are read at the arraignment are read again before the hearing begins. The presentation of evidence includes such things as direct evidence from key…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice as Portrayed in

The criminal association principle suggests that being socialized to regard crime as acceptable or to admire criminals plays a role in the choices made in that regard. The fact that Pistone and Napolitano were actually raised in very similar circumstances where each had the same type of exposure to organized crime families illustrates that rational choice is more important than criminal association because Pistone made the conscious choice to become a federal agent rather than one of the criminals who controlled his childhood neighborhood (Macionis, 2003; Schmalleger, 2008).

The segment of the criminal justice system portrayed by Episode 71 is criminal investigations and the operations of the criminal justice system. Fisher was allowed to plea bargain the charges of attempted murder despite the fact that she deliberately shot the wife of her lover in the head in the attempt to murder her. The episode suggests that her age was a significant factor in the decision of the prosecution to agree to that plea, but it is not clear that justice was served, especially for the victim. Fisher never really exhibited any genuine remorse for her crime. The circumstances depicted in the episode illustrate the theory of criminal deviance and rational…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice - Corrections Issues

Whereas judicial decisions are more likely to concern substantive matters of law and definitions of legal concepts, legislative adjustments generally reflect social consensus, particularly over large spans of time. Admittedly, political access and the relative ability of specific individuals, communities, and entities to generate legislative changes beneficial to them are not, in any sense, equal when viewed from the microcosmic perspective. Nevertheless, over time, changes in the American criminal justice are largely functions of widely-shared societal concerns and social values in the United States.

In recent years, the American criminal justice system has changed in several significant respects: it has become increasingly federalized; it seen a dramatic increase in the privatization of criminal justice facilities; and it has become ever-more effective by virtue of its technological evolution. Likewise, concepts and principles of criminal reform have continually undergone cyclical changes, due in part to unanticipated flaws in prior approaches or simply to changes in society and/or the nature of certain criminal activities and tendencies in society at particular times.

In the modern era of American history with round-the-clock access to information and instantaneous electronic communication, social influences and trends in public opinion probably play more of a direct role in shaping…… [Read More]

Criminal Justice When the Constitution Replaced the

Criminal Justice

When the Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation in 1789, the United States of America formed a government that specifically divided its powers between three separate branches. This was done in order to make certain that no one branch of government could accumulate too much power. These three are called the Executive, Legislative, and Judicial branches of government, and the Constitution defines the powers each branch of government is allowed to exercise. While the Executive and Legislative branches of government deal with the running of the government, the Judicial branch is limited to dealing with legal matters. While it may seem that the Judicial branch is someone less important, it is the judiciary that decides whether the actions taken by the other two branches of government are legitimate.

Alexander Hamilton argued in the Federalist Papers that a separation of powers was necessary in order to prevent one particular group "adverse to the rights of the other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community'- from gaining control over the entire government." (Kaiser, 2003) In order to accomplish this goal, the Constitution had restrictions on serving in more than one branch of government at the same…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Leadership

Criminal Justice Leadership

Identify two types of ethics and explain their role in criminal justice organizations. Support your responses with resources.

Ethics are concerned with the issues of right and wrong and provide a framework for moral living. Ethics in the criminal justice system is an integral part of police work. Ethical considerations are paramount to decisions involving discretion and a strong moral foundation suits police work well. Banks (2010) notes that knowledge of ethics provides people an opportunity to analyze assumptions and weigh options. Two types of ethics that have particular importance in criminal justice are normative ethics and ethical absolutism.

Normative ethics

Normative ethics is fundamental to proper and prudent decisions made by personnel in the criminal justice system. Banks (2010) writes that normative ethics involve taking into account the range of moral issues in an area and that a person should always act morally, having deduced the proper course of action from reason. This ethical standard is important in the field of criminal justice as it requires actors and agents to use reasoning and logical faculties to arrive at proper codes of conduct.

Ethical absolutism

Ethical absolutism suggests that there is an external moral code applicable to…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice - Corrections Criminal

In that regard, sentences imposed for crack cocaine are so much harsher that approximately 100 times as much powdered cocaine is required to approach the sentences imposed in connection with crack cocaine offenses. This issue is particularly relevant to the disparity inherent in mandatory sentencing and arbitrariness in sentencing, especially since dealers in powdered cocaine are much more likely higher up on the supply chain than distributors of crack cocaine (USSC, 2007).

The issues concerning provisions of the U.S.A. PATRIOT Act pertain to establishing sentences for crimes established and defined by the ACT, such as narco- terrorism, smuggling munitions or military equipment without a license for transport, mining U.S. waters, and interfering with maritime navigation equipment (USSC, 2007).

The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 requires sex offenders to register and imposes criminal penalties for failure to comply. The current federal sentencing issues authorize increasing sentences for failure to register where that failure occurs in conjunction with other relevant offenses related to the welfare of children, in particular. The sentencing issues arising in connection with counterfeit goods involves increasing sentences for violations of existing laws in relation to the relative value of the counterfeited (legitimate) goods, as…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Ethics the Similarities in the

Criminal Justice Ethics

The similarities in the ethical standards between criminal justice personnel and civilian employment in a broader sense are very much the same. It seems that ethical standards are basic skills that are needed for employment. Having a strong ethical characters means that as a worker, the individual will not cheat, steal or take advantage of the company that they are working for. Having strong ethical character also means that an individual is treating another with respect. In order to be successful in both civilian and criminal justice environments, it is absolutely imperative that a strong ethical character is fostered and developed as without it then it will be difficult to thrive in a workplace environment. Furthermore, a sense of ethics and morality is absolutely essential in a workplace where individuals are entrusting certain things to one another and trust that each individual part in the whole is not looking to cheat, or steal or do anything that works against one another. It is essential that in both the civilian and criminal justice environment that this broader sense of ethical standards is held and enforced so that the company, firm or entity can move forward together instead of…… [Read More]

Criminal Justice Drumming My Hands on the

Criminal Justice

Drumming my hands on the desk before me, I finally spoke. "You're right, you're absolutely right." My academic advisor patiently raised a single eyebrow. "What? You thought I would steer you wrong?"

I didn't believe her when she called me; I definitely thought she would be joking. Yet as I gazed at the piece of paper, reading for the third time the letter addressed to me, I had to admit, she had me pegged.

'Congratulations," she said with a huge grin. "You got the internship.

'I can't believe it," I finally managed, and stood up abruptly. Far less stunned than I was, my advisor had watched me blossom from a fledgling freshman into an academically accomplished senior. When in my junior year I finally realized that I was beginning to accomplish all I had set out to do, I did not feel as relaxed as some of my fellow classmates. Never had I wanted to settle for a Bachelor's Degree because I always had my mind and heart set on highly specific goals. At the same time that I look forward to graduating, I look forward even more to earning a higher degree and beginning a challenging professional…… [Read More]

Criminal Justice Exit Exam E Criminal Justice

Criminal Justice Exit Exam

e Criminal Justice Department graduating seniors an exit exam a measure departmental learning outcomes. How tool determine criminal justice major effective? Original responses substantial significant supported additional scholarly reference textbook.

The Criminal Justice Department has been asking graduating seniors to take an exit exam as a measure of departmental learning outcomes. How could that tool be used to determine if the criminal justice major is effective?

According to Lightfoot & Doerner (2007), despite the considerable expenditure of attending a university, little is known about the relative success of criminal justice majors in preparing students for future careers. The dropout rate for social science degrees is 50%, compared with 10% for students in the humanities and the time-to-degree rate of program completion has increased for all students, in all majors (Lightfoot & Doerner 2007:114). Asking students to take an exit exam is problematic, because, by definition, the students who have 'made it' throughout their four years of schooling have attained some level of success. Students who fail to find support within the major as undergraduates will not be counted.

Another obvious problem with using an exit interview as a measure of the success of the program is…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice African-Americans and American

The stigmatization of African-Americans has caused terrible harm in many areas, and only exacerbates the perceived "problem."

T]hirty years of forced removal to prison of 150,000 young males from particular communities of New York represents collective losses similar in scale to the losses due to epidemics, wars, and terrorist attacks -- with the potential for comparable effects on the survivors and the social structure of their families and communities. (Roberts, 2004)

By destroying African-American communities and social networks on a massive scale, law enforcement officials are contributing to the very problems they purport to be fighting.

The mass imprisonment of African-Americans further spreads and entrenches the notion that African-Americans are somehow incapable of conforming to the larger society's rules and regulations. The more common the prison experience becomes in African-American life, the more normative it becomes in both African-American and majority White culture. Roberts underlines the terrible effects of this process of normalization:

Disorganized communities cannot enforce social norms because it is too difficult to reach consensus on common values and on avenues for solving common problems. Because informal social controls play a greater role in public safety than do formal state controls, this breakdown can seriously jeopardize community safety.…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Theory and Policy

The reduction occurs through allowing the counties to acquire other methods of jailing apart from the prisons. This includes out-of custody rehabilitative treatments, which could serve in reducing the number of the criminals taken to the prisons. However, the AB109 criminals must be individuals whose crime are not violent and not that serious as provided by the law. This means that that jailing of the A109 criminals in other alternative would involve selection from the other criminals. However the unstated implication is that it would be much difficult to rate a crime as either more serious or not serious. Consequently, the rationale provides higher chances of biasness of selecting some non-serious cases while leaving others.

Implication of the policy

The criminal justice implication of the policy will mainly affect the non-violent arrestees. The decision of keeping them in custody, would affect their ability to avoid recividism future. The social implications include pressure on the local sheriffs and Mims who might not be having enough cash of keeping the inmates. The locals do not have enough cash to keep the large number of realigned inmates. Further, the State government would have to restrain in spending some cash on finding the better…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Corrections Police Officer Qualities

This leads to perhaps the most important qualification for this type of criminal justice work -- the ability to quickly, rationally, and unemotionally judge a situation.

These type of qualities represent the most important qualification of any criminal justice occupation. At the same time, it could also represent the biggest challenge for many individuals hoping to enter the criminal justice field. There are many incidents that could occur that would normally result in highly emotional and perhaps even violent reactions on the parts of police and corrections officers, but it is the job of the officer to restrain themselves and react rationally and coolly. Patience and a calm attitude are the main ingredients to success in the criminal justice field.… [Read More]

Criminal Justice - Evaluations Evaluation

Under the stewardship of Police Commissioner Howard Safir, the NYPD began analyzing daily crime statistics collected from its 40,000 officers throughout the five boroughs of New York City and generating computer modeling of crime trends in a system dubbed CompStat that allowed the accurate identification of crime trends with pinpoint accuracy, often permitting nearly as precise predictive modeling via extrapolation (Safir, 2003).

The other main benefit and purpose of CompStat was that is enabled police administrators to grade the performance of every precinct according to any criteria defined by policy considerations. That aspect of CompStat is relied upon heavily by NYPD administration to the extent that Commissioner Safir reassigned, removed, or demoted fifty-four precinct commanders during his tenure as commissioner between 1996 and 2000 (Safir, 2003). Naturally, the technical means of data collection and analysis techniques differ quite profoundly from those available to previous generations of police administrators, but the actual methodology of the CompStat system is very similar, in principle, to the original pin mapping in use for almost a century and a half throughout modern municipal police organizations worldwide (Schmalleger, 2008).

The Problem with Evaluation via Objective Crime Statistics:

Ideally, crime mapping and predictive modeling also provide police…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Administration Corrections Officers

Richard Allen, the state's prisons commissioner, said Wednesday the change is meant to reduce overtime, and should save the state $3 million to $4 million a year. 'We don't have any choice about it,' Allen said. 'We've got to save money. We've got to do some things that are out of the box, and this is one of them'" (Diel 2008). Corrections officers have naturally protested this measure, citing the dangers of the job and the impact upon the quality of their health and financial lives.

Alabama is not alone. In Florida budget cutbacks were blamed recently when "A Florida correctional officer was killed on the job last week" (Ray 2008). Even though corrections officer positions have not been eliminated in the state of Florida, an expanding prison population coupled with a refusal to add more positions have lead to understaffed prisons and overworked, tired officers. In other states, cutbacks in prison allocations resulted in more high-risk prisoners being placed in less appropriate, low-risk settings. Cutbacks in prisoner programs may mean prisoners have fewer constructive activities in which to engage in during the day that support rehabilitative efforts -- resulting in more unconstructive, violent, and criminal activities.

A persistent problem…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Career How Will This New

Criminal Justice Career

How will this new terminology and knowledge apply to a career in criminal justice?

Criminal justice is seen as the practices, system and the concerned government institutions that are focused on implementing social control, participating in crime mitigation and sanctioning the law violator by imposing penalties and rehabilitation programs. It covers the private sector, the pubic sector, NGOs, state and the local governments as well (Oregon Laws, 2007). To handle effectively such a wide spectrum of departments with professionals without a chance foe making the wrong interpretation of the law once needs to be well equipped with the legal terms.

How can not knowing the proper terminology affect you as you conduct criminal justice research?

When one lacks the proper terminology in the criminal justice, this can be a fundamental barrier in the execution of duty and definition of the offences committed as well as interpretation of the judgments and court proceedings and outcomes. It may mean one may not be operating at the same legal level with other colleagues in the legal department hence hindering the performance of the individual.

How will knowing these terms be an asset to you when evaluating and analyzing research studies…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Victimization Whether One Is a

Criminal Justice

Victimization

Whether one is a survivor of violent crime or dealing with financial crime victimization, it is vital to recognize that all victims experience some type of loss. While there are different kinds of losses, each can be intense, depending upon the viewpoint of victims and survivors (Victims of Crime Overview, 2012). There appear to be two different views on how victims should deal with being a victim of a crime. One view says that victims of crime should rely on the criminal justice system in order to deal with their victimization while the other view says that victims of crime should rely upon private support and insurance payments to deal with their victimization.

Those who believe that the criminal justice system should contribute to helping victims believe that helping the victim to cope is the responsibility of all of society. Law enforcement agencies, courts, and correctional and human service systems have come to realize that due process and human rights exist not only for the criminal defendant but also for the victim of criminal behavior and because of this many communities have set up victim assistance programs. The goal of these programs is to assist victims in…… [Read More]

Criminal Justice - Research Methods Sourcebook of

Criminal Justice - Research Methods

Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics Online

http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/pdf/t200282010.pdf

Respondents' concern over effects of illegal immigrants

Gallup, Inc., The Gallup Poll [Online]. Available: http://www.gallup.com/poll/

127649/Americans-Value-Aspects-Immigration-Reform.aspx [June 16, 2010].

Table adapted by SOURCEBOOK staff.

Overall, the survey respondents indicate substantive concerns with the presence of illegal immigrants in the U.S. Three items relate to the overall question: (1) Unfair burden on U.S. schools, hospitals, and government; (2) Encourages other immigrants to move here illegally; (3) Low wages earned by illegal immigrants reduces overall wages paid to American workers. The overarching question is how concerned respondents are for each of the items, and the highest ranking item was related to the unfair burden immigrants place on schools, hospitals, and government. For all three items, there is significant difference in the percentage of responses under very concerned vs. under somewhat concerned. A majority of U.S. citizens are very concerned about the impact of illegal immigrants on budgets for U.S. services, U.S. jobs, and attractiveness of U.S. To further illegal immigrants.

The data source is from primary research conducted by the Gallup Poll. Just over a thousand randomly selected people were interviewed over the phone, which, as Gallup indicates is adequate…… [Read More]

Criminal Justice Administration What Should

There should also be refresher courses given every year so that officers do not forget about their ethical responsibilities. It is important in the police arena that ethical behavior is top priority and that everyone is as ethical as they can be.

Web Field Trip

Tonry, M. (1997). Intermediate Sanctions in Sentencing Guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/165043.pdf

The article Intermediate Sanctions in Sentencing Guidelines is a very comprehensive guide to what intermediate sanctions are and how they can be incorporated into sentencing guidelines. This article defines what intermediate sanctions are and how they can be used in sentencing guidelines in order to help those offenders who may not otherwise benefit from traditional sentencing practices. The guide also discusses the problems that can occur when implementing these types of sanctions and what can be done to try and avoid the issues that can occur. The overall gist of the article is to show on what occasions these types of sanctions are appropriate and when they are not. There are certain offenders for which they are better suited than others and this guide does a good job discussing which those are. Overall this guide is very informative in regards to intermediate sanctions. It…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Response Cesare Beccaria

These methods of informal deterrence would help to prevent Bobby's criminal behavior.

Since he already committed the crime, Bobby would certainly need to be punished. However, Beccaria strongly argued that punishment must not be cruel, and must fit the crime. Clearly, Bobby never intended to hurt the homeowner; he broke into the home when he knew she would not be there.

Depending on the amount of property stolen, Bobby would have to pay the consequences. If this is his first offense, Bobby could be sentenced to a public form of community service, such as picking up trash by the roadside. He would also have to regularly report to a counselor. Parents could impose a strict curfew. This mixture of informal and formal methods of deterrence would help to stop Bobby from engaging in more criminal behavior.

Works Cited

Beccaria, Cesare. 1963. On Crimes and Punishment.…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Ethics You Are to Discuss

Criminal Justice Ethics

You are to discuss the possible ethical considerations of plea agreements. Your insights into plea-bargaining should be framed in the larger context of prosecutorial discretion.

Over the last several decades, plea bargaining has become an effective way for prosecutors to reduce their case loads. At the same time, this is helping to provide justice to the victims by punishing the perpetrators. While limiting the sentences criminals are facing from: a lengthy trial and judges who could hand down the maximum verdict. As a result, there have been increased calls for giving prosecutors greater amounts of authority in determining plea agreements. (Banks, 2012) (Keinig, 2008)

This has raised a number of concerns about possible ethical challenges that should be taken into consideration. As there are a host of potential issues which are having an adverse effect on the criminal justice system. The most notable include: the prosecution of innocent people and the ability to discriminate against minorities. (Banks, 2012) (Keinig, 2008)

The prosecution of innocent people is when someone is arrested based on the belief that they are the primary suspect who committed a crime (from circumstantial evidence). This is when there is evidence showing how someone may…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Ethics

Criminal Justice Ethics

The ethical issues in this case are not serious in the sense of corruption or bribery, but clearly there is a problem here because the older officer is friends with the driver of the car that went through a red light. First of all, no matter that the veteran officer has a first-name relationship with the driver, a traffic violation has taken place and legally (unless there are extraordinary circumstances that led to the violation) there are penalties that must be carried out. Ethically, the young policeman is within his authority to issue the ticket and if the veteran cop instructs the young officer to let the driver off, it is a serious breach of police ethics; moreover, it is a bad example to set for the young officer. Police are trained to recognize an ethical problem and they are trained to make "a rational and ethically sound choice" (Gleason, 2009).

TWO: Police misconduct issues were initially acknowledged from a legal standpoint in 1871, when the Civil Rights Act of 1871 was passed in the U.S. Congress. Victims of civil rights violations rely on this law, which was intended "…to curb oppressive conduct by government and private…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Management Intelligence Led

In fact, the study showed that most citizens in Kansas City couldn't even tell when the frequency of police patrols were increased or decreased. The conclusions were clear to me that the increase in police patrols did not significantly deter crime.

Yet, still, we continue to practice such increased police presence strategies. Personally, I believe this is more to help ease citizens and tax payers' minds. With the police forces having huge budgets, increased police presence is a shallow way to make it look like those budgets are actually doing something positive for the community.

Assignment 3: Rand Study

The Rand study of 1976 examined municipal and county police and how these agencies were productive in enforcing local laws. The study examined the process of individual investigators and departments and the processes they implemented in the process of trying to solve crimes. The study used statistical data, interviews, and observations to record the entire process from start to finish, as a way to evaluate its overall efficiency. However, the study found that only about 7% of investigator activities were directly related to crime solving. More than half of activities were actually conducted post arrest, showing how ineffective the actual process…… [Read More]

Criminal Justice - Systematic Problem

Equal Protection:

Equal protection is a fundamental constitutional protection, that in modern times, guarantees the equal effect of law to all persons. In that regard, the Supreme Court has established specific suspect classes of individuals, such as membership in a minority race, whose rights to equal protection must be guarded most scrupulously, primarily because the need to do so has been more than adequately demonstrated by aspects of relatively recent American history.

According to criminologists and researchers who have conducted studies of the impact of criminal laws in general, and of capital punishment in particular, criminal defendants who are members of minority races (as well as those who are poor) are statistically much more likely to receive the death penalty in comparison with non- minority (and wealthier) criminals convicted of identical death-penalty-eligible offenses (Schmalleger, 2007; Zalman, 2008). This discrepancy suggests that capital punishment in the U.S. still violates one of the most basic constitutional principles, and therefore, constitutes a significant problem in contemporary American criminal justice administration. Wrongful Conviction:

The other major problem arising in connection with capital punishment as it is currently implemented within the American criminal justice system has come to light more recently, as a function of…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice Organizations Since the

As practitioners of the law, court officials and subordinates are bound by the single powerful system of the law and governmental policy. Lawyers are bound by regulation rather than occupational socialization. Their interaction with the general public is also much more significant than that of the police, which provides a lower level of occupational intra-organizational loyalty than might be found among police officers.

Court decisions are obliged to abide by the law. The issue is however complicated by the fact that the Supreme Court is partial towards the power-wielding authority in the White House. This tends to detract from objectivity when making constitutional decisions. The issue is further complicated by the 9/11 attacks and other similar factors.

The devastating attacks during 2001 have not only influenced political power, but also the way in which this power was used to influence decisions by courts, the police, and individuals working within these organizations. It is evident that more than loyalty and leadership will be needed to find an accurate balance between power, politics, loyalty and socialization within criminal justice systems.

Sources

Bibas, Stephanos. (2005, Nov). Originalism and Formalism in Criminal Procedure: The Triumph of Justice Scalia, the Unlikely Friend of Criminal Defendants?…… [Read More]

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Criminal Justice - Policing Criminal

To the extent that crime is a function of larger social issues, it is unrealistic to expect those underlying social problems to be rectified by law enforcement efforts. Even with respect to specific incidence of criminal behavior, law enforcement authorities must address two competing interests that fall within the purview and responsibility of law enforcement.

Specifically, poverty, unwanted pregnancy, lack of educational and vocational opportunities, and perceived social "disenfranchisement" within communities contribute heavily to crime in those areas but none of those social factors are capable of being redressed directly by law enforcement authorities. Likewise, even within the realm of law enforcement responsibilities, emphasis on quality-of-life-oriented policing and crime prevention-oriented policing conflict with the goal of preventing crime in light of empirical evidence and anecdotal experience demonstrating that efforts directed at the former do not necessarily achieve the goals of the latter appreciably.

In that regard, directed police patrols and crackdowns on specific types of crimes has proven effective at addressing those types of criminal activity, but they do not provide a substantial benefit with respect to overall crime rates in the community outside of those targeted types of crimes or outside of directed areas of increased police activity.

Conversely,…… [Read More]

Criminal Justice History of Criminalities

Choices, controlled by fear are another core principle that advocates for fear inducement that will enable individuals keep away from crime. This principle supports three strikes legislation, since with a repetition of crime it comes with a severe judgment that enables first crime offenders fear and keep away from crime. Core principle of severity calls for a severe punishment on a violent crime and depending on the nature of crime. The theory supports three strikes legislation, since a repetition of violent crime faces severe charges than the first time (Siegel, 2010).

Criminal policy proposal

Criminal justice, over the years, has faced many challenges in administering proper justice. Drug and substance abuse and mental illness are examples of disorders that need to be corrected to minimize crime rates. Criminals who prove to be mentally ill or under the influence of drug or substance should be treated different from criminals who are upright and normal. To solve this problem, different administrative model to punish such criminals should be set up. Any individual under the influence of drug has mental impairment, and can proof to be difficult pass sentence on such a person. Research has shown that there is relationship between violent offences…… [Read More]

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