For instance a child performs poorly in examination and the parent decides to withdraw his promise to take the child to the zoo during the holiday.
Positive punishment; it is a process by which stimulus is immediately added after a specific behavior so that future frequency of the behavior is decreased. A good example is of a pick pocket is taken to prison and subjected to learning of a given artwork so that when he comes out of prison he can make his own money through the artwork learned.
Negative punishment; it is a process by which stimulus is removed immediately after a given behavior so that future frequency of that behavior is decreased. Example is when a student performs poorly in class and the parent decides to cut down the student pocket money, the pocket money acts as the stimulant that has been removed hence a negative punishment.
psychological theories. It uses 3 sources and is in MLA format.
Psychologists have researched personality disorders and have formulated different theories presenting their own reasoning established via comprehensive research over a lifetime. I have attempted to draw similarities and contrasts between the psychoanalytical theory of Sigmund Freud and social cognition theory of Carl ogers. They are both known figures in the field of psychoanalysis. Both the theories are logical and applicable in varied circumstances.
Personality disorders stem from the fact that personal satisfaction is not achieved due to the societal norms that humans have entrapped themselves in. Dissatisfaction creates conflicts and thus anxieties occur which cause personality disorders.
Discussion
Sigmund Freud was a one of the most eminent psychologists of all times. Freud is termed as the father of psychoanalysis. His theory of psychoanalysis entails the conscious and the unconscious. The conscious is what we are aware of like one's present perceptions, memories,…...
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References
1.Boeree, George, 2002. Abraham Maslow. Theories of Personality. Accessed 4th Dec 2003:
Crime Theories
Psychological theories of criminal behavior focus on the individual, rather than on contextual factors (as sociological theories of crime do) or on biological factors (such as genetics). Personality, traits, and cognitions are all covered under the rubric of psychological theories of crime. One of the prevailing and most widely accepted psychological theory of crime is rational choice theory. ational choice theory " is perhaps the most common reason why criminals do the things they do," accounting for a wide variety of criminal behaviors (Dechant, 2009). The theory was first suggested and developed by William Glasser, and has since become a default theory of explaining everything from petty theft to white-collar crime.
ational choice theory is relatively straightforward. The individual is believed to be acting rationally, making decisions based on personal need, convenience, and expediency. The theory permits for individual differences, as each person may be motivated by different needs and…...
Gul, S.K. (2009). An evaluation of the rational choice theory in criminology. Sociology and Applied Science 4(8): 36-44.
Li, H., Zhang, J. & Sarathy, R. (2010). Understanding compliance with internet use policy from the perspective of rational choice theory. Decision Support Systems 48(4): 635-645.
Scott, J. (2000). Rational choice theory From Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of The Present, edited by G. Browning, A. Halcli, and F. Webster. Sage Publications.
Biological models of criminal behavior typically look at such variables as heredity and genetic contributions to criminality (which are significant in many cases), the contribution of neurotransmitters to behavior, and abnormal or different brain structures and their association with behaviors. Biological models offer treatments such as chemical castration for sex offenders where psychological principles of rehabilitation are not especially effective (aine, 2002). Sociological theories of criminal behavior are more concerned with how the structure of society and culture historically contribute to criminal behavior. This theory takes the point-of-view that criminality is a social construction (Holmes & Holmes, 2008). Understanding the societal and culture contributions to behavior can also be useful. It would be a mistake to deny that biological and sociological contributions are also useful in explaining and dealing with criminal behavior in society.
In order to consider the full extent of any phenomenon it is best to approach it…...
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References
Andrews, D.A. & Hoge, R.D. (1999). The psychology of criminal conduct and principles of effective prevention and rehabilitation. Forum on Corrections Research. Special Edition. 12 -- 14. Retrieved on April 1, 2013 from http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/pblct/forum/special/espe_b-eng.shtml
Humanistic vs. Social-Cognitive Perspectives
This paper compares and contrasts the main themes of the social-cognitive perspective with the themes of the humanistic perspective. Both perspectives are reviewed and presented and the differences are made clear as well. The limitations of each perspective will also be presented.
The Humanistic Perspective
The authors of Humanistic Perspectives on Contemporary Counseling Issues (a book with no page numbers) explain that humanistic approaches to mental health used to dominate the profession of counseling -- and that humanism should not be "placed on a shelf in the intellectual museum of the profession" nor should it be seen as a "bygone trend" (Scholl, et al., 2013). And rather than putting humanism on the list of perspectives that have been "eclipsed" by newer trends in the field of psychology, the authors believe that humanism is "not just a theory or treatment orientation, but also a 'moral imperative'" (Scholl).
hy should humanism be…...
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Works Cited
Heiphetz, L., and Young, L. (2014). A social cognitive developmental perspective on moral judgment. Behavior, Vol. 151, 315-335.
Luszczynska, A., and Schwarzer, R. (2005). "Social Cognitive Theory" in Predicting Health
Behavior: Research and Practice with Social Cognition Models. Editors Conner, M., and Norman, P. New York: McGraw-Hill.
National Institutes of Health. 2010). Consumer Health Informatics Research Resource -- Self
Psychological and Socio-Cultural Theories of isk
Definition of isk
The term "risk" is often defined differently depending on the particular paradigm. For example, risk is economics is typically defined in terms of differences in possible monetary outcomes and individuals/corporations involved in risk -- seeking behavior are typically seeking higher monetary payoffs (Markowitz 1952). When clinical psychologists, sociologists, law enforcement officials, and lay individuals identify "risky behaviors" they are referring to a broader meaning of the term "risk." In this context behaviors and involve risk are typically defined as behaviors that can be of potential harm to the person performing them or to other people (Steinberg 2008). In this sense the term "risk" is typically viewed in terms of possible negative outcomes as opposed to some other positive outcome such as the potential monetary gain.
This particular paper will assume that the definition of risky behavior includes some type of a dimension characterized by…...
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References
Aristotle .1998. Aristotle: The Nicomachean ethics. In Ackrill J. et al. eds. Oxford World' s
Classics. York: Oxford, pp. 229-301.
Beck, U. 1992. Risk society: Towards a new modernity. New Delhi: Sage.
Boholm, A. 1996. Risk perception and social anthropology: Critique of cultural Theory. Ethnos 61, pp. 64-84.
andura's social cognitive theory is similar with Skinner's behaviorist theory, in so far as the role of the external environment on the individual is concerned. However, andura's theory differs from Skinner's in that the former extended the relationship between the individual and external environment to include, at the same time, the influence that the individual's behavior has on his/her external environment. andura's theory illustrates a seemingly 'reciprocal' relationship between the individual and the external environment: the latter affects the former in exchange for a positive outcome, while the former affects the latter as part of his/her continuous cycle of personality development (424).
From the discussion of these three perspectives of the psychology of human personality, significant differences that highlight the importance of each tradition emerge.
The humanistic tradition looks into the internal traits of the individual, positing that these internal traits are what ultimately shape the personality of a person. The cognitive…...
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Bibliography
Buber, M. And C. Rogers. (1997). The Martin Buber-Carl Rogers Dialogue: A New Transcript with Commentary. Albany: University of New York Press.
Freedheim, D. And I. Weiner. (2003). Handbook of Psychology, Volume 1: History of Psychology. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Depression Theories
Various Theories on Depression, and Respective Treatments
Depression is a complex mood disorder that is characterized by various emotions, including sadness, self-blame, absence of pleasure and an overall sense of worthlessness, and by physical responses relating to sleep, appetite and motor symptoms. According to statistics, one in four adults will suffer from a depressive episode at some point in life. With a quarter of the population affected by depression, it is no wonder that one sees so many advertisements both on television and on billboards relating to the disorder. It is also understandable that many intellectual fields of study would give an opinion on what depression truly means and how it can be treated. This paper will thus examine psychological, sociological, cultural and biological theories on depression and will describe various treatments that take into account expertise from these various areas of study to better understand this complex phenomenon. [1:…...
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Lastly, with respect to biological theory-based treatments, scientific research is vital. A study conducted in 2010 states that the finding of "various structural and chemical abnormalities in the brain through neuroimaging" has been the foundation in depression research in the last year. This study further states that the research combines various brain areas to arise specific symptoms, and that the new data could contribute to further understanding and treating depression. Specific treatments are not given as part of this study, but "biological" treatments will usually include medication, such as anti-depressants. [20: Papageorgiou, G. (2010). Biological theory of depression in the light of new evidence. Retrieved April 11, 2011, from ]http://www.annals-general-psychiatry.com/content/9/S1/S47 .
Conclusion
This paper has discussed various theories of depression and has expanded upon treatments that take into account these theories. Some treatments have been proven effective, and others have been illustrated simply as examples or as evidence of much needed field research. Depression has been shown to be a complex illness explained by various intelligent minds in different ways, yet in order to treat this disorder, one must take into account all this knowledge, and hope that advances in scientific research, such as that illustrated above, will provide for better treatments and, finally, more effective relief from depressive symptoms.
theories emphasize mainly on student activity as opposed to teachers teaching. The argument is that a student's experiences coupled with study are areas where learning begins. This is closely associated with the change in psychological theories with regard to learning from behaviorism to constructivism. I use active teaching as opposed to passive teaching. Passive learning takes place when the student only takes in whatever the tutor avails. This form of learning is considered less effective compared to active learning, in which the student seeks out whatever he or she needs to understand. Thus, passive learning seems to promote surface learning instead of deep learning. Since deep learning entails the search for meaning in whatever is learnt, it is insightful (oberts, 2001).
I rely mostly on constructivism in my teaching. In constructivism, learners are considered sense-makers since they not only record the given information but also interpret it. This understanding of…...
Essay Topic Examples
The Role of Socialization in Communication Barriers Between Genders
This essay topic would explore how gender roles and stereotypes that are instilled through socialization impact communication between men and women. It would look at the ways in which societal expectations dictate conversational norms and styles, potentially creating barriers to effective communication and mutual understanding.
Biological Factors and Their Influence on Gender Communication Gaps
This essay would aim to dissect the extent to which biological differences between men and women contribute to communication barriers. Studies on brain structure, hormonal influences, and evolutionary psychology might be examined to understand if and how they play a role in the distinct communication styles of men and women.
Language, ower, and Gender: Linguistic Barriers in Male and Female Communication
The focus of this essay topic would be on the linguistic styles and…...
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Primary Sources
Tannen, Deborah. \"You Just Don\'t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation.\" William Morrow and Company, 1990.
Wood, Julia T. \"Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender, and Culture.\" Wadsworth, 1994.Hall, Judith A., and Michele A. Mast. \"Theories of Sex Differences in Communication.\" Psychology of Women Quarterly, vol. 30, no. 1, 2006, pp. 10-20.Carli, Linda L. \"Gender, Language, and Influence.\" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 59, no. 5, 1990, pp. 941-951.Kimmel, Michael. \"Manhood in America: A Cultural History.\" Free Press, 1996.
Piagetian, Ericksonian, And Freudian Stages of Development
Human beings progress gradually from childhood to adulthood, going through stages that are distinct, continuous, and improving. Developmental psychologists like Freud, Piaget, and Erickson came up with different theories concerning the stages that people often undergo as they grow from childhood. This study discusses the similarities and the differences between the three theories with examples of the stages mentioned by each given. The contrast and comparison will make people appreciate the importance of the three theories of human development
Similarities
Erickson's theory had the highest number of stages of development compared to the other two. His theory covered eight main stages from birth to death of an individual. According to Erickson, the successful completion of a stage marked a good beginning of the next stage. Failure to fully exhibit and live a stage exhaustively will recur in the future through habits that will be undesirable at…...
Hawkins and Clinton Book eviewSummaryHawkins and Clinton\\\'s 2015 book, The New Christian Counselor, provides a summative approach to Christian counseling. It offers a biblical foundation and framework that focuses on the use of scripture in counseling while highlighting the need for understanding and applying transformational principles in order to help people make lasting change. The authors acknowledge the importance of incorporating psychological theories and evidence-based intervention strategies into the counseling context while still maintaining a faith-based approach. They also provide practical guidance on using sound clinical practices that are rooted in Christian principles. For instance, the authors write that the new Christian counselor is committed to definitions of Christian counseling that do justice to biblical truth regarding sin and the brokenness of damage people experience because of sin (p. 37). Thus, they pinpoint the locus of psychological illness on sin. However, they go on to say that the new Christian…...
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ReferenceHawkins, R., & Clinton, T. (2015). The new Christian counselor: A fresh biblical and transformational approach.
Psychological Movie Interpretation: Ordinary People
On the surface, the movie Ordinary People is a movie about loss. It focuses on a family that is recovering from the death of its oldest son. The older son, Buck, and the younger son, Conrad, are portrayed as stereotypical golden boys, with lifetimes full of promise ahead of them. Both boys are strong swimmers on the swim team, however, while out together, without any parents, on a boat, they get into a boating accident. Buck is unable to save himself. Perhaps more significantly, Conrad is unable to save Buck. Conrad spirals into a significant depression and attempts to commit suicide. He is hospitalized in a mental institution because of his suicide attempt. The movie opens after Conrad returns home from the mental hospital and focuses on Conrad's attempts to reintegrate into his family and his suburban environment. Conrad's father, Calvin, is distraught about Buck's death,…...
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References
Cherry, K. (2013). Erikson's psychosocial stages summary chart. Retrieved October 15, 2013
However, his sense of self-respect is rendered incomplete because of his father. The struggle he experienced demonstrated this and though it did not define his whole being as he is now, it was the primary component in his life that made it a challenge to meet his need for esteem.
2. As the current president of the United States, Obama can be said as a successful person. However, it cannot be said that he is fulfilled and has achieved self-actualization. The absence of a father figure in Obama's life remains a struggle in his life that could determine his successful realization for self-actualization.
3. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs demonstrates how individual needs are categorized by levels and are comprised of different factors that may or may not apply to the individual. Using the Hierarchy of Needs alone, the theory cannot explain fully Obama's psyche, personality and behavior. Maslow's theory is…...
Physical and mental disorders are often comorbid, reflecting an entire system that is out of balance. A healthy state, both physically and mentally reflects a state of equilibrium and stability that every organism wishes to achieve (Wallace, 2008).When one portion of the system is out of balance, the entire system can be out of balance. The degree to which the system is out of balance determines the degree of the disturbance.
A child that has greater resilience skills can recover from a greater disturbance than a child with little resiliency. Everyone has heard stories of the rich and famous who rose up from situations of poverty and despair to become something great. This is exactly what this research is about. Eriksson's psychosocial model sets up the situation that the person must overcome. Wallace's theory on resiliency provides an understanding of what the child needs to overcome these circumstances to become…...
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References
Anthony, E., Alter, C. & Jenson, J. (2009). Development of a Risk and Resilience-Based Out-of-
School Time Program for Children and Youths. Social Work. 54 (1): 45+. Retrieved from Questia Database.
Brendtro, L. & Larson, S. (2004). The Resilience Code: Finding Greatness in Youth. Reclaiming Children and Youth. 12 (4): 194 +. Retrieved from Questia Database.
Brown, W. (2006). The Value of Role Models in Inspiring Resilience. Reclaiming Children and Youth. 14 (4): 199+. Retrieved from Questia Database.
Writing a persuasive essay is different from other types of academic writing. Rather than simply presenting facts, you are trying to convince the reader to agree with your opinion or position on a topic. The topic of psychology is extremely broad. There are several different types of psychological theories, and each of these theories have several subtypes. They also have different degrees of support among psychologists, so you could pick one of those theories or sub-theories and use it as the basis for a persuasive essay.
I. Introduction A. Background information on ethical issues B. Overview of criminological theories C. Thesis statement
II. Ethical issues in criminology A. Definition of ethics in criminology B. Ethical dilemmas faced by criminologists C. Importance of ethical considerations in research and practice
III. Criminological theories A. Overview of classical criminology B. Description of biological theories C. Explanation of psychological theories D. Introduction to sociological theories
IV. Ethical issues in relation to criminological theories A. Ethical implications of classical criminology B. Moral concerns of biological theories C. Ethical considerations of psychological theories D. Social implications of sociological theories
Topic Development in Criminal Investigations: Exploring Critical Concepts and Contemporary Issues
1. The Interplay of Forensics and Criminal Investigation
The evolution of forensic science and its impact on investigation techniques The challenges and limitations of forensic evidence in criminal prosecutions The impact of forensic technology on case resolution and the justice system
2. The Psychology of Criminal Behavior and Its Application to Investigations
The psychological profiles of different types of criminals Investigative techniques for understanding and predicting criminal behavior The use of psychological theories to develop investigative strategies
3. The Role of Interviewing and Interrogation in Criminal Investigations
Effective management of learning behaviors is a cornerstone of successful education, enabling educators to optimize students' cognitive, emotional, and social development while addressing individual needs. By leveraging psychological perspectives, educators gain invaluable insights into the complexities of human behavior, equipping themselves with evidence-based strategies to foster positive learning outcomes for all students.
Educators strive to create an inclusive learning environment where every student feels valued and supported. Understanding diverse learning styles and identifying potential barriers to learning are imperative for accommodating students with special educational needs. By integrating psychological principles into their practice, educators can tailor interventions to the specific requirements....
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