Victimology Essays (Examples)

The history of criminology can be traced back to the 19th Century when theories regarding the origin of criminal behavior and traits were developed by Cesare Lombroso. On the contrary, victimology is a recent scientific discipline that started in Europe after the Second World War as a means of understanding the link between criminals and victims (Lee, n.d.).

Focus Points:

One of the major differences between victimology and criminology is their divergent focus points and scope of analysis. Criminology emphasizes on studying the criminal, the offenses, and the intentions behind the criminal activity. This discipline also studies how the public and criminal justice systems react to the criminal, rate of recidivism, and punishment ("Criminology v Victimology," 2008). Criminology is regarded as a retributive model of criminal justice since its main objective is to prevent crime and punish the criminal. On the contrary, victimology normally focuses on victim instead of the…

Victimology is the branch of criminology dealing with victim characteristics, victim data, and patterns of victimization. The study of victimology is useful to criminologists for a variety of reasons. Victimology can help show which populations are at greater risk for which crimes, thereby allowing more effective public policies and anti-crime initiatives. Likewise, knowing which populations are at greater risk for which crimes can help law enforcement prevent crimes. Victimology can also be used to point out potential flaws or loopholes in the criminal justice system, which may be harmful to victims or to justice in general. One of the most important functions of victimology is to allow for the development of victim assistance programs. Programs to help victims range from legal counsel and advocacy to ongoing support and psychological counsel, to community-wide safety measures. Victimology takes the focus off the criminal and even the crime. Doing so helps divert media…

" (Sherman and Strang, 2007) Findings include that restorative justice: (1) substantially reduced repeat offending for some offenders but not all; (2) Doubled (or more) the offense brought to justice as diversions from criminal justice; (3) reduced crime victims' post-traumatic stress symptoms and related costs; (4)provided both victims and offenders with more satisfaction with justice than criminal justice; (5) reduced desires of victim for violent revenge on offenders; (6) reduced the costs of criminal justice when used as a diversion; and (7) reduced recidivism more than prison (adults) or as well as prison (juveniles). (Sherman and Strang, 2007) Three best practices are stated for bringing about an increase and for provide focus of investment in restorative justice interventions which include: (1) Restorative justice "seems more effective when it is focused on the kinds of offences that have a personal victim, who can - at least in principle - be invited…

The Routine Activities Theory states that crime occurs because specific conditions all come together at the same time (Karmen, 2003). There needs to be an offender who is motivated and a target that is considered to be suitable by that offender. The only other thing needed is an absence of guardians (Karmen, 2003). That last requirement actually occurs quite often, because there are very few places where there is real security. There are many, many private spaces, such as the insides of homes or parks or other areas where there are very few people around to help a crime victim. ecause of that, the Routine Activities Theory basically shows that there are people everywhere who will commit a crime if they can get away with it, and there are always people who are available to be victimized simply by virtue of existing in a place where there is no protection.…

Victimology

The Depressed: According to the Maurer School of Law Protective Order Project (2012), "Children who witness the abuse of their mothers are at in increased risk for emotional and behavioral disturbances, such as withdrawal, low self-esteem," and other disturbances to the individual's self-perception vs. perception of the outside world. An example of how an indirect depressed victim might react would be for a child to stop going out with friends. A direct depressed victim might stop doing her favorite hobbies like swimming or playing music.

The Acquisitive: The acquisitive type seeks personal gain from the situation, albeit in dysfunctional ways. An indirect victim of abuse might, for example, internalize the violent behaviors of the father because he can see that his mother is submissive after the parents have a big fight. Knowing that the yelling and occasional hitting has worked in his father's favor, the child then starts bullying…

If the victim had a blog or home page then we would of course use that to discover more about her lifestyle, personality, and choice of friends. If she had been a member of an online dating service or similar social networks, then we might discover numerous leads. The victim might have agreed to go on a date with a man she met online and that man might be the perpetrator.

A toxicology report and autopsy should reveal whether the victim had been drinking or using drugs that night. In fact, the victim might have been drinking at the bar near where she was found. We will need to interview employees of that bar who were working on the night of the murder. Her appearance, her state of mind, and her interaction with others at the bar including but not limited to the person(s) she was with might reveal key…

According to incarcerated serial rapist Brad Morrison, certain deterrents can prevent predatory attacks "like, if they had a dog, then forget it. Even a small one makes to much noise. If I saw a pair of construction boots, for example, out on the porch or on the landing, I walked right on by" (Cooper, King, & McHoes, 175). The authors argue that by taking these simple measures, the chances that a predator will find you vulnerable and an easy target are reduced.

Victims of rape and sexual assault are not the only prey that predators target. Children are also prone to being considered weak and defenseless in the eyes of criminals. Child molesters and sexual predators often seek out children who are either playing outside alone or are in a situation that allows quick access to an unmonitored child (Cooper, King, & McHoes, 76). The real life child kidnapping and…

In that regard, optimal criminal justice functioning would be easier to achieve if law enforcement agents and prosecutors learned to better protect victims of crimes and other witnesses who cooperate with their investigations. Ultimately, this would increase the success of prosecutions by removing the greatest impediment to cooperation that frequently causes victims and other witnesses to decline assisting law enforcement investigations and prosecutions, especially in high-crime areas.

Theme #3 -- Penal Institutional Culture that Promotes Recidivism

The third theme is the insufficient emphasis on the welfare of offenders within penal institutions. Specifically, penal institutions are environments where the strong and ruthless prey on the weak and comparatively innocent. As a result, the penal institutional culture demands that offenders maintain gang-like affiliations, typically based strictly on race and on neighborhood identity on the streets. That mentality fuels violence instead of rehabilitation and also promotes the intensification of criminal inclinations, particularly among…

Victimology

Restorative Justice

Listen to the Restorative Justice podcast. View the video The Woolf Within. Citing specific victims and offenders profiled in the video or podcast, and using what you learned about restorative justice from your readings, answer the following:

Why do individuals (both victims and offenders) agree to engage in restorative justice meetings?

What were the positive and negative outcomes of these meetings for the persons profiled?

Please post one original response. Each original response should be a minimum of 125 words in length.

Victims may agree to restorative justice meetings to gain a sense of closure about the crime they suffered. They may also want to confront the perpetrator so they can speak to him or her, and show that his or her crime had real implications for a human being. Perpetrators may feel genuine remorse. Part of the rehabilitative efforts of the criminal justice system are to…

Victimology

In recent years, information about the widespread problems of sexual abuse have become more readily available and less secretive than ever before in Western culture history. Rape and molestation are reported on the news and to police agencies with a great deal more consistency than in decades past. Although the subject remains extremely taboo in most circles, it is widely known that tens of thousands of children in America alone are the victims of sexual abuse in some form. Not only are thousands of children being sexually abused, but many of these are permanently affected by the crimes against them and by a surrounding culture in which sexual coercion and violence are common. ecause of this, many juveniles are becoming not only targets but also perpetrators of sexual violence. "Studies of adult sex offenders suggest another dimension of the problem: many of these offenders began their sexually abusive behavior…

An Overview of Victimology and Its Implication for Helping Professionals and Law Enforcement Authorities
Unfortunately, people are victimized all of the time in countless ways, including by criminal elements such as shysters and crooks who intentionally defraud them as well by otherwise-legitimate sources such as politicians and the mainstream media. In the vast majority of cases, people manage to overcome the adverse effects of these events without any significant complications. In some cases, however, people may succumb to the effects of being a victim by developing phobias or other mental health disorders that adversely affect their quality of life and limit their ability to lead a normal, productive life. Therefore, the study of victimology and its guiding principles can provide practitioners in all fields with a better understanding concerning how victims respond to traumatic events and what can be done to mitigate these outcomes. Finally, a summary of the research…

Victims and Victimization

Victimology focuses on crime and its victims. ithin victimology, there are several approaches to the practice including positivist, radical, and critical victimology, and there are a limitless number of individuals that may be classified as victims as crimes affect people of all ages, including the people surrounding and involved in victims' lives.

ithin victimology, there are three different approaches to be considered: positivist, radical, and critical. Positivist victimology holds that certain victims may contribute to their own victimization (Dignan 32). On the other hand, in radical victimology, attention is focused on the structural factors "relating to the way society is organized, and also the role of the state itself and the legal system in the social construction of both victims and offenders" (33). Critical victimology attempts to examine issues in a wider social context and focuses on how and why certain actions are considered to be criminal.…

This combination has brought about greater political support for crime victims' rights legislation and increased funding for crime victim services (Victimology Theory, 2003)

There are many important questions that need to be looked at when studying victims of crime. Some of these questions include:

Why was a particular person targeted for a crime?

How were they targeted, or were they a victim of opportunity?

What are the chances of that person becoming a victim at random?

What risk did the offender take in order to commit the crime against that victim?

How was the victim advanced upon? Were they restrained and/or attacked?

What was the victim's reaction to the attack?

The answers to these questions help to provide some ideas about the offender's motive and possibly other information about them. From this point, other assessment can be made about the offender's likely background including his knowledge of forensic and police…

victim" refers to ancient sacrifice of a person or animal to please the Gods. Over the centuries the term gathered other meanings. Mendelsohn, Von Hentig, and Wofgang defined the term "victim" as "hapless dupes who instigated their own victimization." (VICTIMOLOGY THEOY) In 1980, due to the feminist attack against this meaning, the word "victim" was defined as anyone who was to find himself in an asymmetric situation or relationship. By asymmetric, they were referring to any unbalanced, destructive, oppressive etc., relationship or situation.

In 1968 Schafer said that the victim wasn't just the reason for a criminal practice, as he or she played an important role in understanding the criminal and his or her gesture. Mendelsohn and Von Henting are the pioneers of victimology. In the 50' and 60' they were trying to illustrate problems which existed in the field, in what concerns the victims.

Von Hentig wrote "The Criminal…

Only the Eighth Amendment truly applies to the post-conviction treatment of a criminal defendant, by prohibiting cruel and unusual punishment. There is nothing about being confronted with victim impact statements that is either cruel or unusual. When committing a crime, it is certainly reasonable for society to expect a criminal to understand that their actions will impact people. In addition, there is nothing in this provision of the Crime Victims' ights Amendment that infringes upon a defendant's right to confront his accuser; these hearings occur post-conviction and are all related to some form of early release, which would relieve a defendant of some portion of his sentence.

The fourth element of the Crime Victims' ights Amendment provides that decisions in criminal cases duly consider the victims' safety, right to restitution, and interest in avoiding an unreasonable delay in the criminal proceedings. This provision does not threaten a defendant's constitutional rights;…

Child Abuse and Victimology

Victimology is the study of the victims of crime and how their psychology is affected by the experience. Thus, child abuse relates to victimology because it is abuse is a crime endured by the victim (the child) at an early age. The psychological effects of the abuse can be hidden for years (though not always), which makes the victims of child abuse an important focus for victimologists. This paper will discuss child abuse and show how it relates to victimology.

Child abuse can take different forms. It can be mental, emotional, or physical. It is any action that exacts harm on a child, and because children are young and vulnerable to their surroundings, the abuse can be very subtle or it can be very extreme, and this can be found in either case, mental or physical (Daigle, Muftic, 2016, p. 188). Child abuse is also prevalent…

Also, not all domestic violence cases are egregiously violent, and some may constitute forms of intimidation that are not specifically delineated in the federal statutes. In these cases, state legislatures must step in to help victims. For example, in the state of Ohio, victims of domestic violence or victims protected by the court can "have their mail sent directly to the Secretary of State's Office," which will then forward the mail to participants, whose addresses would not be included in public records" (Kovac 2010). One common technique of harassers is to interfere with their partner's mail, by changing the partner's address without permission, stealing mail, or sending victims harassing notes. This simple and relatively inexpensive (it costs the state $140,000 a year) program can provide peace of mind for abuse victims (Kovac 2010).

The more prominent position of female attorneys and judges within the criminal and family court systems and…

Dussich J.P.J., (n.d). Victimology-Past, Present and Future. http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/RS_No70/No70_12VE_Dussich.pdf

This is a report that was presented by Dussich John who holds a PhD in sociology and criminology from the Florida State University. He is a renown scholar in matters to do with sociology and criminology hence has in-depth presentation of the issue of victimology.

This report emanates from a research that significantly employed the literature review approach towards the research. Dussich goes deep into reviewing literature that exists in various articles and books in the past on the subject and comes out with not only the details of victimology and those relevant events to the topic, but also with dates that these outstanding events took place. This reconstruction and collection of facts brings into perspective the gradual development of the subject of victimology over time.

This article targets the scholars in the field of victimology, the law enforcement agents as well…

Dussich J.P.J., (n.d). Victimology-Past, Present and Future. http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/RS_No70/No70_12VE_Dussich.pdf

This is a report that was presented by Dussich John who holds a PhD in sociology and criminology from the Florida State University. He is a renown scholar in matters to do with sociology and criminology hence has in-depth presentation of the issue of victimology.

This report emanates from a research that significantly employed the literature review approach towards the research. Dussich goes deep into reviewing literature that exists in various articles and books in the past on the subject and comes out with not only the details of victimology and those relevant events to the topic, but also with dates that these outstanding events took place. This reconstruction and collection of facts brings into perspective the gradual development of the subject of victimology over time.

The data used in the research report is very relevant in putting forth the gradual development…

Victimology and the Problem of Elder Abuse
Part 1
Introduction
Just as criminology is the study of crime and the criminal’s role in crime, victimology is the study of victimization and how victims are impacted by crime and how they in turn also impact crime. There are five typologies of victimization, each one illustrating different ways in which the perpetrator and the victim (if there is one) interact in the crime. For the specific population of elderly people, one problem in victimology is the focus on elder abuse, which is defined as “a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person” (Jackson, 2016, p. 265). According the World Health Organization (2002), elder abuse tends to be manifested in a variety of forms: (a) physical abuse, (b) psychological abuse, (c)…

Victimology

Annotated Bibliography

Campbell, K.W. (2010). Victim Confidentiality Promotes Safety and Dignity. Journal of the Missouri Bar, 69(2), pp. 76-83.

Being the president of the Missouri Victim Assistance Network (MOVA), Campbell, the author of this particular article, is an authority on the topic at hand. In the past, she has actively been involved in various aspects of victim assistance, including, but not limited to, presenting a workshops touching on the issue of victims and confidentiality. She is a University of Missouri-Colombia School of Law graduate.

In this particular piece, Campbell concerns herself with the relevance of victim confidentiality as far as the safety and well-being of the victim is concerned. The article, in basic terms, highlights "the legal authority in place that provides for victim confidentiality with regard to non-disclosure of identity, location and certain confidential communications…" Further, the article puts a strong case for the application of the laws…

Holistic Victim Restitution Plan

The study of victimology has been extensively done and various facts have been drawn or reached on concerning the victim blaming, theories have been put forth and legal outlines and guidelines on the protection of victims from further blame have been stipulated. It is important however, to know and have in place a comprehensive and holistic victim restitution plan order to ensure that the victims of crime are adequately compensated and restored as much as possible to their previous nature and status.

The intimate partner crime victimization is common within the society hence the need to fully understand the meaning of intimate partner abuse and the possible restitution plan that can help in compensation of such victims within the required period of time.

The main paper will hence look at the following major areas in order to fully understand intimate partner crime and victimization of the…

The knowledge of the evolution and starting point of the field of Victimology is of utmost worth. Three different ancient epochs describing the Victims' position inside methods of justice were reviewed by some foremost Researchers including Moriarty and Jerin. The Epochs are the Golden Age, the Reemergence of the Victim and the Dark Age. There is a proposition that the Golden Age has been before the time when laws were documented and governments founded and when ethnic law was in power. In most of the ethnic law, victims' position in defining the penalty for the criminal dealings that another person executed on them or their belonging is direct. This time is reckoned to be when the only judgment for unlawful events is individual justice. This means that the victims request payback or return for their damages right from their offenders. The Evolution of the Dark Ages of victimology was solely…

Holistic Victim Restitution Plan Reflection

Victimology is one of the disciplines that has emerged in the criminal justice field to examine situations and vulnerabilities that make it more likely for people to become victims of crime. Additionally, this discipline also focuses on examining and understanding the harm people suffer due to being victims of crime or illegal activities. One of the core components of victimology is understanding who and/or what are crime victims in light of situations that increases vulnerabilities to crime. The rise of victimology today's society is attributable to the increased vulnerabilities that certain individuals and/or groups face, which increases their likelihood of being targeted by criminals. Victim surveys have shown that some individuals and groups are at high risks of being targeted by criminals because of certain vulnerabilities. Some of these vulnerabilities that contribute to increased victimization include living in certain neighborhoods, social economic status, and ethnicity…

.....abuse and/or neglect of children and the elderly is a major issue in the American criminal justice system because of increased prevalence of such cases. However, getting accurate information regarding the extent of child and elder abuse is increasingly challenging in the United States. Some of the major issues contributing to this problem include the fact that most child and elder abuse cases are not reported, misreporting of these cases, seeming inability of victims to report the cases, and the fact that most perpetrators are caregivers. Children and senior adults are more likely to be victims of abuse, neglect or maltreatment because of lesser physical and mental capabilities, dependence on caregivers, and tendency to trust easily. The likelihood of vulnerable children and the elderly to fall victims to abuse can be decreased through establishing suitable prevention and intervention measures that effectively identify and deal with risk factors and improve reporting…

Victim blaming is one demeaning and devaluing act of putting the victim of a crime as being responsible, in part or in full for a crime or harm that actually affects them. It portrays the victim as being responsible for their own harm caused by another person. The blame emanates in the form of unexpected or negative social responses from the mental health, legal, medical professionals. This negative response can also be from the media or the immediate family as well as other friends and people he relates to. The responses towards victims of crime are often founded on the misunderstood positions taken by others, especially the outside spectators. This lack of understanding will then lead the observers to believe that the victim actually deserved to have faced the harm that befell them, or categorizes them as individuals with low self-esteem who are out to intentionally look for violence. These…

If any of the above are present, or if family members concur that the deceased was significantly depressed it is important to consider the death for evidence of final exit suicide instead of a homicide.

First Degree Murder

An investigator would rely on one question to determine whether to charge someone with first degree murder or with manslaughter. Did the killer decide to kill, and then act on that decision resulting in the victim's death?

If a person was in a club and someone bumped into him and he angrily hit the man in the head with his beer bottle and the man died, that would be manslaughter, because the man committing the act did not plan to kill anyone when he entered the club that night and he didn't think through the moment he reacted.

A difference scenario would be if the man found out his wife was having…

ape in Conflict

There are various situations in life that results in rape in conflict;

Patriarchy

The feminist perspective on the various forms of violence perpetrated against women does suggest strongly that such acts are a reinforcement of patriarchy. This is portrayed in the unequal bargaining power that exists in the various sexual encounters in the societies that are increasingly patriarchal. The fact that the traditional male privilege has continuously faded away through time has resulted in the increasing use of violence in order to ensure that women are put women "in their place" as indicated by Sheffield (1987).The resulting fear of violence has therefore made women to modify their way of living since they are depraved of certain fundamental freedoms.

acial oppression

Slavery has been note to be a key factor in the occurrence of rape cases. The African-American women were exposed to institutionalized rape while the African-American men…

Similarly, a married man, though he has a wife, can feel a sense of lack sexually. This sense of lack can lead him to rape a female subordinate at work.

Describe the core behavioral characteristics of the criminal psychopath. Name and describe any five instruments used to measure psychopathy. What is the difference between criminal psychopathy and mental disorder?

a. The core characteristics of the criminal psychopath are a lack of empathy, egocentricity, lack of shame or remorse, and tendency for lying and manipulation

b. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist is a psycho-diagnostic tool used in tandem with the broader PCL-R inventory to measure a person's psychopathic profile.

The Psychopathic Personality Inventory is a self-report survey used to comprehensively index personality traits without explicitly referring to anti-social or criminal behaviors themselves.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory measures various components of person's personality with a self-report inventory. Each component is measured by…

I think that my knowledge of procedure is probably my strongest. I feel very comfortable with the level of knowledge I have about proper police procedure. I feel confident that I not only understand basic procedural rules, but also the justification or reasoning behind those rules. Furthermore, I feel as if my understanding of the basis for these various procedural rules will help me easily grasp any additional procedural rules that I will encounter on the job.

While I do feel as if I have had a strong educational background, there are two areas where I feel as I could benefit from more education: psychology and human services. The more I study the psychology of criminals and victims, the more I realize I do not know about why perpetrators do things. I understand that people who align with certain profiles may be more likely to commit crimes, but I am…

00" (p. 5). She didn't mean the complaints were a fraud, but rather than the complainant had been treated fraudulently.

Meanwhile, another key point Gray makes is that current studies have failed to examine: a) whether or not victims had contributed to their own victimization; b) the poor response by law enforcement to victims; they don't investigate these crimes as a rule; c) the fact that law enforcement agencies assert that the banks and credit card companies are the real victims; and d) that banks are suspicious that the "victim" is attempting to scam the banks to retrieve money from the alleged crime (Gray, 6-8).

Summary of the Article's Conclusions

The point of the research was to determine if the "victim participation theory" holds sway against the "institutionalization of laws" when it comes to blame for these unsolved identity theft incidents. Gray makes some very good points and quotes authorities…

Victims' ights Movements and its effect on the criminal justice system and the offenders' rights.

VICTIMS IGHTS MOVEMENT

VICTIMS IGHTS MOVEMENT

VICTIMS IGHTS MOVEMENT

The United States Victims' Movement was a product of the increasing social awareness in the 60s that unleashed the idealistic generation's energy in that era and the next decade. Its continued energy has originated from the very social forces from where it started and from extraordinary individual's leadership, some of these individuals have survived personal tragedy, and several others who have brought unusual insights and compassion being witness to these types of tragedies. In the international arena, this has remained a source of both criticism and praise (Young). etrospectively, it is right to assert that the United States victims' movement original involved the coming together of 5 independent developments: the introduction of compensation programs for compensating state victims; the development of a new academic field known…

" (Douglass & Munn, 1992). Furthermore, the signature aspects of a case can be more important than M.O. Or victimology in linking crimes, because criminals often change M.O. As they become more adept at committing their crimes. (Douglass & Munn, 1992). In addition, signatures can be more significant than differences or similarities between victims because "the offender expresses anger through rituals, not by attacking a victim who possesses a particular characteristic or trait." (Douglass & Munn, 1992).

The Pennell decision did not decide several related issues. For example, because the trial court limited the scope of the expert's testimony, the higher court did not have to determine whether or not profile evidence would be admissible. Although the Court did suggest that profile evidence would not be admissible, as the science of profiling becomes more advanced, such evidence may become admissible under Del. . Evid. 702 and under Frye. Furthermore, the…

The term signature aspect is used to refer to unique behavior that is exhibited by the criminal that is peculiar to that particular criminal though may not be necessary in committing the crime. One of the most common signature aspects is the calling card, or tattooing of the dead bodies, use of excessive force, leaving notes behind and many more. These are not necessary in killing of victims but are a sign of claiming the crime (John E. Douglas, 2011).

The components of crime classification that I learnt about and are central in the crime classification are finding out the defining characteristics of the crimes and the crime scenes, this will be instrumental in telling the motive behind the crime and in the case of multiple motives, the most outstanding will guide the profiling. The other component is victimology which is the complete history of the victim which will help…

If the convicted criminal feels that his sentencing was not just and fair, he can 'appeal', and his case would be tried again, if necessary. (Justice and Prisons, how justice works)

It must be remembered that in general, when a crime is committed, it can mean that there has been a violation of a local or a state or a federal law, and for which there was no real justification. However, the term 'justice' can mean different things for different people, and there is no real agreement on what exactly it means. This has what, in fact, led to the many controversies in the criminal justice system today. There are some individuals who conceptualize justice as meaning 'equality for all', that is, everyone must have the same amount, no matter what amounts they have produced. Some others define justice in terms of 'equity' wherein a person must get benefits in…

Domectic Violence in the United States

Domestic Violence in the United States: A esearch Proposal

Domestic Violence in the United States:

Domestic violence is not a new phenomenon associated with modern times. It has been a common occurrence throughout history. From a social/cultural point-of-view, the woman was considered the property of the man and his duty was to discipline her and the children (and slaves/servants) with thorough beatings. Consistent with eighteenth-century English common law, the only concerns about this related to the thickness of the stick that the law allowed for the beatings. Although there were some earlier unenforced laws against spousal abuse, it was only as recently as the 1970s that the U.S. justice system began to view the problem with any seriousness and consideration of domestic violence as a crime. Until that time, social services for the victims of domestic violence were almost nonexistent (Bronfman, et al., 2005).…

Canadian Policies to Thwart Terrorist and Criminal Activities

Canadian Policies to Combat Crime and Terrorism

Problems being faced due to Cyber-Crime in Today's World

What is Identity Theft?

How and Why Cyber-Crime Occurs?

Why Cyber-Crime has become an Important Issue?

How elease of Personal Information makes an Individual vulnerable to Identity Theft?

Future Implications

Since time immemorial, crime and criminal activities have been found at an accelerated pace, however, with the penetration of the world into the twenty first century with numerous technological advancements and innovations, these acts have taken a new form. This evidently signifies that crime through cyberspace has become one of the widespread and prevailing activities of the today's fast paced world, where the entire human race is moving towards the industrial and hi-tech progressions at a constant speed. Moreover, the criminal and terrorist activities in a more sophisticated version have become a common aspect of mundane…

Feminist Criminology and Victimization Theory

Feminist Criminology

Feminist criminology theory proposes that social and ethnic structures that lead to gender oppression will increase the prevalence of criminality among the oppressed (Bernard, 2013). In most cultures, including the west, there exists a history of subjugation of women at all levels of society. The feminist movement in the United States and elsewhere accordingly sought to reduce or eliminate the power of these social, legal, and religious sanctions that relegated women to second class citizenship. This was the driving force behind the emergence of the feminist criminology model.

In support of the feminist criminology model, Bernard (2013) points out that some women within society have a higher risk of incarceration. In the U.S., this high-risk demographic is non-white, young, living in poverty, under-educated, and unmarried with children. There also tends to be a multi-generational history of drug/alcohol problems and domestic violence. This demographic…

Treating Codependency

Codependency

The current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2000) does not contain a section describing the symptoms of codependency. The closest in terms of symptoms is dependent personality disorder (301.6); however, a diagnosis with this disorder implies the symptoms are interfering with the person's ability to function in a way that would be consistent with cultural norms and realistic expectations. Despite this caveat, the symptoms associated with dependent personality disorder can be instructive.

A person with dependent personality disorder may (1) need the assistance of others to help them make decisions, (2) will prefer to let other take responsibility for their own lives, (3) tend to go along with what others decide to avoid loss of support, (4) lack sufficient self-confidence to initiate their own activities, (5) are capable of engaging in demeaning tasks in order to gain or retain the support and nurturance of others,…

Tom Shulich ("ColtishHum")

A comparative study on the theme of fascination with and repulsion from Otherness in Song of Kali by Dan Simmons and in the City of Joy by Dominique Lapierre

ABSACT

In this chapter, I examine similarities and differences between The City of Joy by Dominique Lapierre (1985) and Song of Kali by Dan Simmons (1985) with regard to the themes of the Western journalistic observer of the Oriental Other, and the fascination-repulsion that inspires the Occidental spatial imaginary of Calcutta. By comparing and contrasting these two popular novels, both describing white men's journey into the space of the Other, the chapter seeks to achieve a two-fold objective: (a) to provide insight into the authors with respect to alterity (otherness), and (b) to examine the discursive practices of these novels in terms of contrasting spatial metaphors of Calcutta as "The City of Dreadful Night" or "The City of…

Victim Compensation

Proponents of victim compensation have philosophical bases for believing that the government has the obligation to provide victim compensation. Choose two of these reasons and briefly discuss.

Victim compensation programs entail giving payments to the victims of violent crimes (Doerner & Lab 2014: 20). The intention behind them is to create a system which enforces justice and restores the victim as much as possible to his or her original state. Also, the victims of many violent crimes such as domestic violence and child abuse often suffer a profound psychological impact for which they need additional support, just to feel normal again. "The rationale for victim compensation rests on a moral concern for the welfare of the injured citizen, and the current lack of any effective compensation provisions results in punishment for crime victims" (Schultz 1975). Simply incarcerating the perpetrator does not undo the often irreparable harm to the…

NIBS

National Incident-Based eporting System (NIBS)

The National Incident-Based eporting System (NIBS) is a database of crime statistics compiled and maintained by the National Institute of Justice. It records and analyzes specific categories of crimes reported to law enforcement agencies within the United States. "For each crime incident coming to the attention of law enforcement, a variety of data are collected about the incident. These data include the nature and types of specific offenses in the incident, characteristics of the victim(s) and offender(s), types and value of property stolen and recovered, and characteristics of persons arrested in connection with a crime incident" ("About," 2015). The focus of the NIBS are so-called 'index crimes.' These are significant crimes involving serious damage to life and property. "Index crimes include murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. These eight crimes serve as a common indicator of the nation's…

Victimization can be prevented in cases of victim precipitation, wherein the victim is a catalyst in their own attack (Fisher, Lab, 2010). This is especially true in cases of homicide in cases where the victim and the attacker had "some sort of interpersonal relationship" or in cases where there is a sex difference (typically with the victim being the female) (Fisher, Lab, 2010, p. 1006). In fact, victim precipitation is common when gender differences are in play according to the research on this subject and question.

This sort of victimization can be prevented, however, by understanding the patterns in which victimization occurs. Say, if victimization occurs primarily in a specific neighborhood, or following a specific series of events, or if it is connected with a particular lifestyle or life choices, these are all things that a person can control and avoid if he or she so desires. Preventing victimization is…

International Criminal Justice Philosophies

International criminal justice is a relatively new field in the criminal justice system since it deals with issues that go beyond the local or national level. This field of criminal justice examines several crimes and criminal justice responses from an international or global perspective. As a result of incorporating a global perspective in examining criminal justice issues and responses, this field is multidisciplinary in nature and relatively complex. In essence, the international criminal justice field can be described as a discipline that examines crimes and criminal justice responses to these issues from a global perspective (Kiriakova & Gross, 2005). Additionally, international criminal justice field focuses on how the international community and states react to atrocious international crimes like war crimes, human rights abuses, crimes against humanity, and genocide.

There are several aspects included in the field of international criminal justice including international crimes, transnational crimes, conventional…

They may be sold to another owner after they arrive, and since most agreements are verbal, they are easily broken. Another startling fact in human trafficking is how many victims enter the trade willingly, because of the need to provide income for their families. esearchers Cwikel and Hoban note this is especially true in ussia, where many former Soviet Union countries have privatized education and health care facilities. ussian women often enter the sex trade via trafficking as a way to earn wages for education and health care expenses for the rest of their family. Often, victims come from poor, third-world countries. esearcher Miller states, "Desperate and gullible populations, especially in developing and transitioning countries, are susceptible to the promises made by recruiters (including family members) of a better life in another place, especially promises of paid work, marriage, or domestic service" (Miller). Thus, the practice preys on the most…

Victims and Criminal Justice

Victimization, Victims and Criminal Justice

Based on your understanding of routine activity theory, discuss (1) why or why not this theory can be used to guide our research on the victim-offender overlap and (2) what theory (or theories), beyond the routine activity theory, will be useful for advancing our understanding of the victim-offender overlap based on your assessment of what we do not know about the victim-offender overlap.

outine activity theory requires that there be thee conditions present at the same time and in the same space. As one author puts it "Crime is a complex phenomenon that occurs when an offender, a victim and a law intersect in time and space" (Andresen, 2006). Another interpretation is that it is the offender, a target (this does not have to be a person but has to be something that offers itself to the opportunity) and the absence…

The impact of the psychological profiles of the offender and victims on the court evidence presented by the prosecutor and defense teams and witness use

Psychological profiling involves developing a composition of behavioral attributes. It combines psychological and sociological review of the offender. The process of profiling is anchored on the premise that if the crime scene is analyzed carefully and accurately, there is a good chance that the type of person involved in the offence will begin to surface. Therefore, it is based on the idea that some types of people manifest certain behavior tendencies and patterns. A jury informed of such patterns, is better equipped to ascertain probale suspects (Ebisike, 2007).

Profiling driven by psychological processes has an impact on the strategies and suggestions for evidence presentation by both offenders and victims. In the offender's case, profiling suggests the most effective style of interviewing to apply when such…