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Ultimately, this would increase the success of prosecutions by removing the greatest impediment to cooperation that frequently causes victims and other witnesses to decline assisting law enforcement investigations and prosecutions, especially in high-crime areas.
Theme #3 -- Penal Institutional Culture that Promotes Recidivism
The third theme is the insufficient emphasis on the welfare of offenders within penal institutions. Specifically, penal institutions are environments where the strong and ruthless prey on the weak and comparatively innocent. As a result, the penal institutional culture demands that offenders maintain gang-like affiliations, typically based strictly on race and on neighborhood identity on the streets. That mentality fuels violence instead of rehabilitation and also promotes the intensification of criminal inclinations,...
More often than not, incarceration increases the criminal mindset of offenders instead of decreasing it, thereby perpetuating criminality after release back into the community.
In that regard, optimal criminal justice functioning would be easier to achieve if penal institutions emphasized the protection of inmates from exploitation by other offenders, by separating career offenders from non-career offenders, and by devoting more resources to meaningful rehabilitation within penal institutions. Ultimately, that would reduce recidivism by allowing penal incarceration to provide opportunities for inmates to change negative habits and associations and to develop skills and mindsets conducive to successful reintroduction to society upon their release.
The history of criminology can be traced back to the 19th Century when theories regarding the origin of criminal behavior and traits were developed by Cesare Lombroso. On the contrary, victimology is a recent scientific discipline that started in Europe after the Second World War as a means of understanding the link between criminals and victims (Lee, n.d.). Focus Points: One of the major differences between victimology and criminology is their
Victimology is the branch of criminology dealing with victim characteristics, victim data, and patterns of victimization. The study of victimology is useful to criminologists for a variety of reasons. Victimology can help show which populations are at greater risk for which crimes, thereby allowing more effective public policies and anti-crime initiatives. Likewise, knowing which populations are at greater risk for which crimes can help law enforcement prevent crimes. Victimology can
" (Sherman and Strang, 2007) Findings include that restorative justice: (1) substantially reduced repeat offending for some offenders but not all; (2) Doubled (or more) the offense brought to justice as diversions from criminal justice; (3) reduced crime victims' post-traumatic stress symptoms and related costs; (4)provided both victims and offenders with more satisfaction with justice than criminal justice; (5) reduced desires of victim for violent revenge on offenders; (6) reduced
The Routine Activities Theory states that crime occurs because specific conditions all come together at the same time (Karmen, 2003). There needs to be an offender who is motivated and a target that is considered to be suitable by that offender. The only other thing needed is an absence of guardians (Karmen, 2003). That last requirement actually occurs quite often, because there are very few places where there is
Victimology The Depressed: According to the Maurer School of Law Protective Order Project (2012), "Children who witness the abuse of their mothers are at in increased risk for emotional and behavioral disturbances, such as withdrawal, low self-esteem," and other disturbances to the individual's self-perception vs. perception of the outside world. An example of how an indirect depressed victim might react would be for a child to stop going out with friends.
If the victim had a blog or home page then we would of course use that to discover more about her lifestyle, personality, and choice of friends. If she had been a member of an online dating service or similar social networks, then we might discover numerous leads. The victim might have agreed to go on a date with a man she met online and that man might be