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Although proximity to the spraying of humans may be an issue, refuge during the spraying is possible, while it is impossible to entirely avoid exposure to insects throughout the summer. In contrast, when insecticide is sprayed, individuals can be specifically instructed to take cover during those times, and if necessary shelter could be provided to those individuals with inadequate housing, such as migrant workers.
Step 4. Risk characterization. What is probability of individual or population having adverse health effect? Risk characterization evaluates data from dose-response assessment and exposure assessment (steps 2 and 3). Risk characterization indicates that Mexican-Americans, many of which are agricultural workers, are more vulnerable to pesticide exposure than other groups.
Although it is argued that the poor or uneducated would not follow the safety precautions required by the Malathion application program, this is also true of individuals who fail to take precautions against West Nile. Uninformed residents, for example, could be outside during aerial spraying, or they could handle or eat matter that contains residues from application of the pesticide -- but the poor might be even more apt to spend long hours working outside, where mosquitoes breed, and are unable to afford to mend screens, use insecticide or have adequate long-term shelter to protect themselves against the insects.
The idea that the money spent spraying Malathion could be better directed to educational efforts is in...
Given the risk to individuals of Mexican origin, disseminating this information in Spanish as well as English, providing access to shelter during the spraying might answer some of the critic's concerns. Of course, it is true that some of the implications of Malathion on the environment, such as its effects on mosquito predators remain an unknown. But it could also be countered that the mutability of the virus, that the ability of the mosquitoes to multiply, the year's weather conditions and other favorable environmental factors to insect reproduction and/or creating standing water pools near humans is also in doubt. Thus, erring on the side of caution and spraying with Malathion seems like the better option.
References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2005). Toxicologic information about insecticides used for eradicating mosquitoes. Malathion (CAS Number 121-75-5).
Retrieved July 18, 2008, from h http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/consultations/west_nile_virus/Malathion.html.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007). 2006 West Nile Virus activity in the United States. West Nile Virus Statistics, Surveillance, and Control. Retrieved July 18, 2008, at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/wnv_factsheet.htm
Environmental Science Suburban Sprawl: Problems and Solutions The objective of this work is to discuss the cost and benefits of low density suburban development and to who it is that gains and loses. Low density urban sprawl was seen as the answer to housing the growth urban population in both Australia and USA cities. However, this has proven to be untrue and the facts speak quite differently. Health problems are many in these
Question The United States EPA's AirNow program issues an Air Quality Index (AQI) based on the presence of five major pollutants: ground-level ozone, particle pollution, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide. The AirNow program compiles AQI data daily, issuing warnings on particularly polluted "action days." The AirNow website offers a summary of its results in list or map form. Information about air quality and the AQI is also color-coded to
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LD50 values are not always given on the pesticide label; rather, the relative toxicity of a pesticide product is exposed by one of three signal words: DANGER, WARNING, or CAUTION. The rationale for signal words is to alert the user to the level of toxicity of the product. The signal word is usually assigned based on the pesticide's inhalation, oral or dermal toxicity, whichever is the most toxic" (Lethal
" By writing her book, Carson in fact is credited with launching "the modern environmental movement," the authors insist. And her book was far more than just the "cumulative and devastating biological effects of pesticides," Bekoff writes; "it is about life itself, focusing on the many different webs of nature that go unnoticed, misunderstood, and unappreciated until we lose them." Carson's book was "a wake-up call for us to do something
Just sitting there, stop-and-go, slow-and-go, wasted two full weeks of work time per year; and the "excess fuel consumption due to congestion" added up to $1,055 for each resident of the Washington, D.C. area a year. But wait - is the money spent on wasted fuel all the harm that is done? No, in fact, "vehicle exhaust remains a serious problem" in the D.C. area. Vehicles are the "main source