Sources used in this document:

As noted in the work of John G. Mann entitled: "Literacy Today: A Realtime Technology Transformation" the meaning of literacy in today's world has expanded as it now includes literacy in regards to technology. Mann states: "Computer assisted instruction programs for adult literacy are becoming more prevalent in learning centers, community organizations, and in schools across the country. Computers are also being used to curb illiteracy at the source, in elementary and secondary schools, in an effort to reduce dropout rates"

9) Washington, Julie a. (2006) Emergent Literacy, Language, and African-American Preschoolers at Risk. RTLL Fall Conference 20 Oct 2006. Online available at http://www.cpb.org/grants/leadinliteracy/2006fallconferencepresentations/EmergentLiteracyLanguageAfricanAmericanPreschoolersJulieWashington.pdf

Julie a. Washington (2006) writes that literacy development "...begins long before a child ever enters a formal preschool or elementary classroom setting, or receives conventional reading instruction!!!" In fact small babies learn "the sound structure, rhythms and tones of the language in their environment. They are also learning to associate these wounds with words and meanings." (Washington, 2006) Washington states that when African-American children from low income families enter preschool "they are motivated, bright and eager to learn..." (2006) Unfortunately "Children who are poor, African-American or Hispanic and educated in urban schools are at high risk for reading difficulties." (2006)