Motivation Theory: Intrinsic v Extrinsic
The objective of this study is to examine intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation. Toward this end this work will examine the literature in this area of study.
The work of McCullagh (2005) is reported to state that motivation "can be defined as the intensity and direction of effort." (Wilson, nd, p.1) Wilson reports that motivation is demonstrated in the evidence to promote "learning, performance, enjoyment, and persistent…" (nd, p.1)
The work of Covington and Mueller (2001) states that it has been believed that providing extrinsic rewards such as "praise, gold stars, and school grades -- inhibits the will of students to learn." (p.157) Covington and Mueller believe that this belief is upheld by "the widely held assumption that intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are not just separate processes, but in compatible, if not antagonistic." (p.157)
Intrinsic motivation, on the other hand is stated to be that which is derived "from within the person or from the activity itself" and as such has a positive effect on the individuals "behavior, performance and well being." (Bateman and Crant, nd, p.3) Bateman and Crant report that intrinsic motivation is a concept with roots in the competence motivation posited in the work of White (1959) and similarly addressed by Maslow (1949) and Alderfer (1969).
I. Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic Motivation
The introduction of intrinsic needs by psychologists was followed by the emphasis on intrinsic motivation by management scholars and Herzberg (1966) provided a description of intrinsically motivating tasks stated to have characteristics of key 'motivators' including such as "responsibility, challenge, achievement,...
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