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Microfiltration and reverse-osmosis are both used commonly in the purification of water. Combining microfiltration and reverse-osmosis can enhance the strengths of each method. In particular, microfiltration can be used prior to a reverse-osmosis system to create a higher quality, more purified final product. Moreover, the microfiltration as a pretreatment of the water extends the life of reverse-osmosis membranes. This paper addresses the background of both microfiltration and reverse-osmosis systems, before exploring current and future applications of the combined microfiltration and reverse-osmosis systems in water treatment.
Reverse-osmosis is "a high-efficient technique for dewatering process streams, concentrating/separating low-molecular-weight substances in solution, or cleaning wastewater," ("Reverse Osmosis, Nano, Ultra & Micro Filtration," n.d.). The name of the process describes what it entails: it reverses natural osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of water through a membrane, motivated by the search for equilibrium in the chemical potential. During...
To reverse this process with the goal of removing the solute, pressure must be exerted. When pressure is exerted, the natural flow of water is reversed so that the solute remains on one side of the membrane. One of the most common uses of reverse-osmosis is in desalination, but it can also be used for wastewater treatment.
Microfiltration does not depend on pressure to the extent that reverse-osmosis does. Instead, the membrane itself is the key. Microfiltration membranes are in the range of 0.05-10 microns and can be used to separate specific particles ("Reverse Osmosis, Nano, Ultra & Micro Filtration," n.d.). Microfiltration enhances reverse-osmosis when it is used as a pre-treatment. One of the reasons microfiltration enhances reverse-osmosis is that the microfiltration prevents the buildup of organic and biological contaminants on the reverse-osmosis membrane. Thus, when a microfiltration system is used in conjunction with reverse osmosis, the result is a purer end product and…
"Reverse Osmosis," (2012). GEA Filtration. Retrieved online: http://www.geafiltration.com/technology/reverse_osmosis.asp
"Reverse Osmosis, Nano, Ultra & Micro Filtration," (n.d.). GEA Filtration. Retrieved online: http://www.geafiltration.com/technology/membrane_filtration_process.asp
Vial, D. & Doussau, G. (2003). The use of microfiltration membranes for seawater pre-treatment prior to reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination 153(1): 141-147.
Nanotechnology, as its name implies, is, at its essence, the science of small things. However, nanotechnology is not so much the study of small things as it is the study of how to use small things to advance technology. "Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both current work and concepts that are more advanced" (Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, 2002-2008). It spans a very
Nano Technology and World of Quantum Physics Nano technology pertains to the restructuring and reconstruction of atomic and molecular nature. It involves studying the phenomena and materials of atomic manipulation to transform and construct new materials, devices, living organisms and improved technological systems that are
Nano Science - Tomalia In the lecture that Dr. Donald Tomalia presented in March, 2009 ("Traveling the Nano Road of Science, Art & Discovery"), he seems to be the most enthusiastic when he is talking about "dendrimers," which are polymers with a central and hollow core and tendrils. Because the core is hollow in a dendrimers it becomes a kind of pouch or cavity, he explains, and other molecules can be
Technology and Global Ecosystem An Analysis of the Implications of Technology and the Global Ecosystem The 21st century promises to usher in innovations in technology that cannot yet be imagined, and the advancements to date have provided many in the world with unprecedented standards of living. Improved methods of transportation and communication, combined with more leisure time than ever in which to spend it has resulted in many people developing a keen
2010; Chorny et al. 2010). This research is still quite new, however, and the question remains as to whether or not nanoparticles can truly serve as a replacement for stents by prohibiting plaque growth through a variety of means, including more targeted and longer-range delivery of pharmaceutical substances that destroy such build-ups and inhibit plaque deposits from forming. The efficacy of this approach has already been preliminarily demonstrated, but
Nanotechnology attempted to show the potential of this new technology and included the wide range of fields that are connected to the concept of the nanometer scale. These include machining, imaging, metrology or measurement, micromachines, instrumentation and machine tools, scanning probe microscopy, fabrication of components, nanoelectronics, molecular engineering, among others. (Journal Review: Nanotechnology) Another important step in the development of this technology in both a practical and theoretical sense was