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" (U.S. Department of Education, 2003)
Children with ADHD generally display behavior that is categorized as follows: (1) poor sustained attention; and (2) hyperactivity-impulsiveness. (Ibid) Because of this "three subtypes of the disorder have been proposed by the American Psychiatric Association in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV):
1) Predominantly inattentive;
2) Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive; and 3) Combined types. (Barkley, 1997; as cited by the U.S. Department of Education)
Common characteristics of the child with hyperactivity include the child being "fidgety, have difficulty staying seated or playing quietly, acting as if drive by a motor..." (U.S. Department of Education, 2003) Characteristics of children with impulsivity include "difficulty participating in tasks that require taking turns, blurting out answers to questions instead of waiting to be called and flitting from one task to another without finishing." (U.S. Department of Education, 2003) Characteristics of the child with inattention is something that impacts the education of other children because of the child's challenges in "attending to detail in directions, sustaining attention for the duration of the task and misplacing needed items." (U.S. Department of Education, 2003) the U.S. Department of Education report states: "...one-third of all children with ADHD have learning disabilities...[and] may experience difficulty in reading, math and written communication." (U.S. Department of Education, 2003) ADHD generally is accompanied by other conditions and current literature "indicates that that approximately 40-60% of children with ADHD have at least one coexisting disability." (U.S. Department of Education, 2003)
II. CAUSES
The causes of ADHD are brain-circuitry related and...
Department of Education, 2003) Studies conducted by imaging the brain of the child with ADHD have indicated "which brain regions may malfunction in patients with ADHD, and thus account for the symptoms of the condition." (U.S. Department of Education, 2003) the 'Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorder (DSM-IV) are utilized as the standard clinical definition for making determination of the presence of ADHD. Several characteristics must be present for the child to be clinically diagnosed as having ADHD including the following: (1) severity; (2) early onset; (3) duration; (4) impact; and (5) settings. Each of these are defined as follows:
Severity - the behavior in question must occur more frequently in the child than in other children at the same developmental stage.
Early onset - at least some of the symptoms must have been present prior to age 7.
Duration - the symptoms must also have been present for at least 6 months prior to the evaluation.
Impact - the symptoms must have a negative impact on the child's academic or social life.
Settings - the symptoms must be present in multiple settings.
Specific criteria set out in the DSM-IV are as follows:
DSM-IV Criteria for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
According to the DSM-IV, a person with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder must have either (1) or (2):
1) Six (or more) of the following symptoms of inattention have persisted for at least 6 months to a degree that is maladaptive
If the child responds well to one or more medications, then the medication with the lowest cost is prescribed. The cost is found taking into account the per-dose cost and the number of doses daily. A positive attitude is mandatory which is advised by the health care professionals and they help parents and care takers in developing a positive attitude in the management of medication. It may include positive reinforcements
But Canada took steps to defer sales of the medicine which was provoked by 20 sudden losses of lives; out of 14 were children, among those consuming the prescribed doses of Adderall XR. There were reported cases of about a dozen strokes, two among children. The deaths took place during 1999 in the United States. The Canadian retracting of the drug Adderall XR will not drive similar steps in
It is easier to focus on ADHD statistics for children of school age (5-17 years old), because diagnosing ADHD in preschool aged children is difficult. Data from the NHIS indicate that: In 2001-2004, 7.7% of children ages 5-17 were reported to have been diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nine percent of White non-Hispanic children, 8% of Black non-Hispanic children, 2% of Asian non-Hispanic children, and 4% of Hispanic children were
Students with attention problems are more likely to succeed on academic tasks that are well-matched to their abilities and when instructed at their pace of learning. To gather data on how effective peer tutoting is, DuPaul and Henningson implemented their case study on an ADHD child, Don, by observing his behavior when given with the traditional teacher lecturing and when provided with peer tutoring method. The case study's result shows that
Some children also report mild stomachaches or headaches. Most side effects are minor and disappear over time or if the dosage level is lowered." Q4: Can their children become addicted to methylphenidate? While there has been a great deal of publicity in the media about how the drugs prescribed for ADHD have been abused, it is important to make a clear distinction between the pharmacological use of such drugs to treat
Instructors can be sympathetic to individual needs, especially with regard to disabilities like ADHD because they can be made aware of them without the potential for discrimination or early recourse, as would be the case in employment. (Lemaire, Mallik & Stoll, 2002, p.39) in vocational training, under the shop/shop models people with disabilities, including those with ADHD are given a bridge opportunity to transition into a workplace setting through