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Constraints of Blacks
Discussion the geographic spaces and constraints of Blacks in the United States between 1865 and 2010.
Reconstruction Period
Throughout the reconstruction period several acts were passed that were intended to integrate African-Americans or freedmen as they were referred to in the period in society. Despite the initial goals of the legislative acts, African-Americans faced a significant antagonism from many whites in the south who did not agree to the new freedoms for the former slaves. The first and arguably most significant step move towards a more equal and free society was the 13th amendment to the Constitution.
This amendment was passed in 1865 and was shortly after was followed by the passage of the civil rights act in 1866 and the 14th amendment. The underlying purpose of 13th and 14th amendments as well as the civil rights act of 1866 was to officially designate African-Americans citizens by abolishing slavery and granting new freedoms for the former slaves. Furthermore, due to the content of the 14th amendment, states were prohibited from curtailing the 'privileges and immunities of citizens, depriving any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law.
Jim Crow Laws
In response to the new freedoms granted to slaves, there was a level of retaliation and a growing support for the Democrats who came to power after the reconstruction period. The Democrats who were elected during this period began a growing trend of Jim Crow laws in 1877 which were crafted to segregate the blacks so that they would have limited interaction with whites. They were restricted to certain establishments and areas that they could visit at any one time. However, this segregation also was subject to action by black individuals in the spring of 1879. A wave of thousands of African-Americans...
They believed the West would offer them more opportunities and a better life. This movement was also furthered by rumors that were spread stating that the Federal government had provisioned all of the state of Kansas just for former slaves. Although the rumor was false, it sparked another wave of migrations that brought more than fifteen thousand African-Americans into Kansas within the next year. The exoduses movements were noteworthy because there were many all black towns established in the south as well as a record number being elected into local government.
Education
Education was correctly viewed as a path to a better life by many former slaves who wanted to educate themselves. They believe that this would help them to earn respect and better their quest for equality. Booker T. Washington serves as a prime example of a remarkably educated former slave. Washington was born a slave in 1856 and he was not provided the chance to go to school until he reached the age of sixteen. The first school he attended was in Virginia and was called the Hampton Institute. Washington used his opportunity at the Hampton Institute to escape the hardships found in manual labor and he eventually became a teacher.
In 1881 Washington founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama. Washington served as the school's principal until his death at the age 59. Under Washington's guidance, Tuskegee rose to national prominence under the leadership of its founder. During his term as Principle, the school was awarded institutional independence in 1892 through legislative act. This allowed the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute to act independently of the state of…
Late Twentieth Century through the Present
Martin Luther King was a Baptist minister who became an icon for civil rights across America. He raised public awareness of the civil rights cause but this had a negative effect on his personal life as during the boycott King's house was bombed and during the campaign he was arrested. The importance of Martin Luther King's role in achieving civil rights could not be understated. However, it is less well-known that E.D Nixon, a African-American civil rights leader and union organizer who played a crucial role in organizing the famous Montgomery Bus Boycott and furthering the movement. However, it is MLK's eloquence and conviction of speech that served as a rallying point for millions of sympathetic individuals to protest racial injustices.
While the present circumstances for an African-American in the United States is still fraught with hardships, there is still much progress that is continually being made. In 2008 the United States elected their first African-American president; a feat that many predicted would not be possible until well into the future. However, at the same time there are a plethora of challenges that still face the African-American communities. In many of the urban centers, such as Chicago for example, there is still a significant amount of segregation. Furthermore, African-Americans generally have less employment opportunities, lower pay rates, higher incarnation rates, and fewer opportunities for education than their racial counterparts. Therefore, even though an enormous amount of progress has been made, there is still much more work to be done.
Vernacular Rhetoric has an element of discussion which ensures that there is hope of better and newer social circumstances to emerge as the ideologies behind social movements keep changing. The combination of Rhetoric and vernahas yielded the momentous Theory of Vernacular Rhetoric which embodies the teachings of persuasive use of inherent and familiar tongues to offer resistance by persons to bring social change. References Amos, R. (1969). House Form and Culture.
Good researchers tend to pull methods out of a tool kit as they are needed" (2006, p. 54). Notwithstanding these criticisms and constraints, though, most social researchers seem to agree that classification by some type of research paradigm is a useful approach based on the need to determine which approach is best suited for a given research enterprise. In this regard, Corby concludes that, "The contested nature of research
Portfolio Management In the project portfolio management context, a portfolio is an aggregation of active programs, projects and other business activities that indicate an organization's priorities, investments and allocation of resource (The standard for portfolio management, 2008). According to the editors of PM Network, "Portfolio management is the centralized management of one or more of those portfolios to achieve specific strategic business objectives" (2008, p. 75). Using project portfolio management
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By the turn of the century, though, these low-costs carriers had become profitable or at least had significantly reduced their losses due in large part to concomitant increases by major carriers that were increasing their prices in response to decreasing yields and higher energy prices (Doganis 2001). By and large, passenger traffic across the board increased significantly prior to September 11, 2001 and all signs indicated it was continue to
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