Bipolar Disorder
Genetics, Brain Structure & Behavior
Bipolar disorder is biological problem which affects the brain that causes unusual shifts in mood (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). It is also known as manic-depressive illness. Bipolar disorder is different than regular mood swings and daily ups and downs of the average person's life. Bipolar disease typically develops in late adolescent and early adulthood and is treatable; currently there is no cure for this disorder (NCBI, 2010). In this paper we will discuss bipolar disorder and the brain, behaviors associated with bipolar disorder, genetic links, causes, prevention, treatment, national and international occurrences.
Bipolar Disorder and Behavior
Bipolar disorder causes dramatic mood swings, the individual goes from a state of mania to a state of depression. Mania is the part of the disorder where the individual has an overtly high amount of energy. A diagnosis of mania is made when the patient exhibits three or more of the following signs for the majority of the day ("Bipolar disorder," 2002), for at least a week:
Increased energy, activity, and restlessness
Excessively "high," overly good, euphoric mood
Extreme irritability
Racing thoughts and talking very fast, jumping from one idea to another
Distractibility, can't concentrate well
Little sleep needed
Unrealistic beliefs in one's abilities and powers
Poor judgment
Spending sprees
A lasting period of behavior that is different from usual
Increased sexual drive
Abuse of drugs, particularly cocaine, alcohol, and sleeping medications
Provocative, intrusive, or aggressive behavior
Denial that anything is wrong
Depression is the part of the disorder where the patient experiences the opposite effects of mania. According to Bipolar Disorder ("Bipolar disorder," 2002) a diagnosis of a depressive episode can be concluded when a person exhibits five or more of the following symptoms lasting the majority of the day for at least two weeks or longer:
Lasting sad, anxious, or empty mood
Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed, including sex
Decreased energy,...
The uncontrolled severe mood swings can impact the patient's feelings and choices. The depressive phase of the disorder crates a feeling of helplessness and worthlessness (Bipolar Disorder Symptoms, 2011). There are changes to the structure of the brain in individuals who have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder (Lundbeck Institute, n.d.). Scans of the brain have shown during the different phases of bipolar disease the brain structure changes when imaged ("Neurological illnesses, disorders," 2008). Images of the brain have shown that there are structural changes in the brain during each phase in the bipolar disorder cycle.
National Occurrences
Bipolar Disorder is not a significant problem worldwide, only 1 in 2000 people is affected worldwide. In the United States (U.S.) 1 in 83 people will be diagnosed with Bipolar Disorder (Health Grade, 2011), which is much higher than the rest of the world. 1.2% of the U.S. population is affected with this disorder, and 2.3 million American adults are affected by this disorder. Today there are 3.3 million people that are affected with Bipolar Disorder in the United States.
Causes and Genetics
Over the year's experts have discovered several different causes for Bipolar Disorder. An imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain creates the symptoms of Bipolar Disorder. A lack of norepinephrine in the brain causes the symptoms of depression, while a surge of norepinephrine causes mania in the patient (Emedicehealth, 2011). Dopamine and Serotonin in the brain also contributes to Bipolar Disorder; however experts have not been able to describe exactly how these two agents impact the disorder. This disorder is also heavily linked to genetics. When someone in the family is diagnosed with this disorder others in the family have a higher risk of being…
