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In meiosis the chromosomes are reduced in half, with the phases being: Interphase, Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II. Finally, mitosis creates all other cells with the exception of sex cells, while meiosis creates egg and sperm cells only (Meiosis vs. Mitosis, 2008)
Phases -- Meiosis: 1) Meiosis 1 -- separates chromosomes in half; DNA is exchanged and chromosomes coil and uncoil and share information; 2) Metaphase 1 -- Chromosomes align along an equatorial plane; 3) Anaphase 1 -- Kinetochore (bipolar spindles) shorten and pull the chromosomes apart; 4) Telophase 1 -- the chromosomes arrive at the pole and each daughter cell has 1/2 the number of chromosomes; 5) Meiosis II -- final process in which chromosomes are pulled apart and form four haploid cells. Mitosis: 1) Interphase -- preparation for cell division by production of proteins; 2) Preprophase -- in plants only, there is preprophase to mark where cell will divide; 3) Prophase -- chromosomes become tight and condense; 4) Prometaphase -- the hook to catch chromatids that pull genetic material together; 5) Metaphase -- Pulling apart of chromosomes; 6) Anaphase -- elongation of cell in preparation of split; 7) Telophase -- cleans up the cell and elongates it more;...
A chromosome may fail to separate, mutations may occur that cause abnormal growth (tumors, etc.) or translocation of information can occur. Errors in meiosis occur more often in egg formation and are typically more or less chromosomes than the organism requires. It is estimated that about 35% of all pregnancy failures are as a result of chromosomal abnormalities (How Chromosome Abnormalities Happen, 2012).
REFERENCES
How Chromosome Abnormalities Happen: Meiosis, Mitosis, Maternal Age, Environment. Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford. Retrieved from: http://www.lpch.org/Disease HealthInfo/HealthLibrary/genetics/happen.html
Meiosis vs. Mitosis. (2008). Difference.com. Retrieved from: http://www.diffen.com / difference/Meiosis_vs_Mitosis
Groleau, R. (2001). How Cells Divide: Meiosis and Mitosis. PBS -- Life's Greatest Miracle. Reteived from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/divide.html
Maton, a., et.al. (1997). Cells: Building Blocks of Life. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Morgan, D. (2007). The Cell Cycle. New York and London: Oxford University Press.
REFERENCES
How Chromosome Abnormalities Happen: Meiosis, Mitosis, Maternal Age, Environment. Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford. Retrieved from: http://www.lpch.org/Disease HealthInfo/HealthLibrary/genetics/happen.html
Meiosis vs. Mitosis. (2008). Difference.com. Retrieved from: http://www.diffen.com / difference/Meiosis_vs_Mitosis
Groleau, R. (2001). How Cells Divide: Meiosis and Mitosis. PBS -- Life's Greatest Miracle. Reteived from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/miracle/divide.html
Maton, a., et.al. (1997). Cells: Building Blocks of Life. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Mitosis vs. Meiosis Mitosis and meiosis are both processes of cell reproduction. Mitosis is the process by which eukaryotes reproduce asexually and also how multi-celled eukaryotes reproduce cells for bodily growth. Meiosis is the process by which eukaryotes sexually reproduce. Using humans as the examples, new humans are created by meiosis, but within the human, mitosis reproduces cells. Mitosis results in two identical cells, that is the two cells are clones of
The produced haploid daughter cells then develop further to form gametes (egg & sperm). In summary, meiosis consists of two nuclear divisions whilst mitosis is followed in one division though both of these processes involve the interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase stages. While mitosis is important in cell growth, tissues repair and several types of cells through asexual reproduction, meiosis is vital in developing the eggs and sperms through
Enzymes 1. How does temperature affect enzyme function? Every enzyme demonstrates maximum activity at a particular temperature known as its optimum temperature. Generally, all enzymes are inactivated at temperatures below 10°C and get denatured (lose its three-dimensional protein nature) above its optimum temperature (Seager & Slabaugh 2010). Experiments conclude that enzyme activity increases by almost ten percent coupled to each degree rise in temperature until it reaches its optimum state and declines beyond
Carbon cycles through the ecosystem between the atmosphere, organisms (such as producers, herbivores, and carnivores) and decomposers. This natural cycle maintains a somewhat constant level of carbon in the atmosphere. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon into the cycle that has been trapped inside the earth. How does this affect the cycle and what problems can this cause? The two main processes of the carbon cycle are photosynthesis and metabolism.
Genetics Student Response Original DNA Strand: 3'-T ACCCTTTAGCCACT-5' Transcription (base sequence of RNA): 3'-A UGGGAAAUCGGUGA-5' Translation (amino acid sequence): Met -- Gly -- Asn -- His -- Arg -- STOP Mutated gene sequence one: 3'-T ACGCTTTAGCCATT-5' Transcription (base sequence of RNA): 3'-A UGCGAAAUCGGUAA-5' Translation (amino acid sequence): Met -- Arg -- Asn -- His -- Arg -- STOP Mutated gene sequence two: 3'-T AACCTTTACTAGGCACT-5' Transcription (base sequence of RNA): 3'-A UUGGAAAUGAUCCGUGA-5' Translation (amino acid sequence): Ile -- Gly -- Asn -- Asp -- Pro-STOP What is the significance of the
Genetics Original Gene Sequence: 3'-T AC CC T. TT AGTAGCCAC T-5 Transcription of Original: 3'-A UG GG A AA UCAUCGGUG A-5' Translation of Original: Start codon Met, Gly, Asn, His, Arg, Stop Mutated Gene Sequence 1: 3'-T ACGCT TT AGTAGCCAT T-5' Transcription of Mutated 1: 3'-A UGCGA AA UCAUCGGUA A-5' Translation of Mutated 1: Start codon Met, Arg, Asn, His, Arg, Stop Mutated Gene Sequence 2: 3'-T AACCT TT ACTAGGCAC T-5' Transcription of Mutated 2: 3'-AUUGGAAAUGAUCCGUGA Translation of Mutated