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In 1953, the true structure of DNA and the mechanisms by which it passes on genetic information from one generation to the next was discovered by Crick and Watson at the University of Cambridge who proposed that DNA was structured as a double helix which could unwrap itself and thus create exact copies. Undoubtedly, "This was the culmination of a brilliant piece of detective work" and turned out to be the biological key to molecular biology and modern biotechnology. Exactly how Watson and Crick managed to unravel the mysteries of DNA is still not clear, yet they did manage to "assemble the information like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle to produce their model of the structure of DNA" (2009, "The Search for...
Following the work of Watson and Crick in 1953, the genetic code itself was revealed between 1961 and 1965 and in 1972, the first successful DNA cloning experiments were done at labs in California which then led to DNA sequencing and to the cloning of the first human gene in 1977 (2009, "The Search for DNA," Internet).
REFERENCES
"James Watson & Francis Crick." (2009). Time. Internet. Retrieved May 13, 2009 from http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html.
"The Search for DNA -- The Birth of Molecular Biology." (2009). Internet. Retrieved May
13, 2009 from http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Search_for_DNA.php.
REFERENCES
"James Watson & Francis Crick." (2009). Time. Internet. Retrieved May 13, 2009 from http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html.
"The Search for DNA -- The Birth of Molecular Biology." (2009). Internet. Retrieved May
13, 2009 from http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Search_for_DNA.php.
However, the use of this technology has also introduced a whole host of ethical and health issues. This is important, because how these issue are wrestled with in the future, will determine the way this technology will be applied to daily life. A bibliography that includes all references cited in the report and a 1-2 sentence summary of what information was gained from each reference. 20 Questions on Genetically Modified Foods.
DNA The Structure and Nature of DNA DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the basic system upon which life on Earth is constructed. In a very real sense, DNA is a kind of program for life that cells use to replicate themselves and transmit information from generation to generation. Over eons, as life changes and adapts to new environmental conditions, that information is stored in the genetic code of all life on the
By purifying nucleotide DNA from donor bacteria, exposing recipient bacteria to that DNA, and allowing the recipient to divide, Avery showed that the daughter cells carried traits from the donors, thus the supposedly too simple substance DNA was the carrier of traits, not proteins. It was Avery who made the connection between DNA and heritable traits. Like the DNA structure itself, Avery's experiment was one of elegant simplicity. By boiling
All samples must be properly collected, using gloves and other tools in order to prevent contamination, as well as properly stored until analysis can be performed. It is vitally important that this chain of evidence be maintained so that the evidence collected from using the samples can then be admissible in a court of law. This requires those collecting and storing samples not only to use gloves and tools to
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The privacy concerns form the bulk of the negative impact of DNA fingerprinting on United Kingdom society, and they are not at all unfounded. Several schools have implemented locks and record keeping mechanisms that depend upon a child's fingerprints (traditional, not DNA) (Edinformatics). These fingerprint mechanisms are used to track money for school meals, to replace library cards, and to alow access to school buildings and rooms in an attempt