Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
ERIKSON
An ethological perspective
Erikson and Joan Stevenson-Hinde's "An ethological perspective"
According to Joan Stevenson-Hinde's 1994 study entitled "An ethological perspective," attachment-related behavior is stress-related behavior (such as the crying of a child) that is alleviated when the stressed individual once again retains proximity to another individual, such as a caregiver. Attachment-related behaviors do not directly relate to needs such as food or sex. In other words, the stressed behavior of a hungry customer in a restaurant who is satiated by the food brought by a waiter is not in an attachment-based relationship, unlike the crying child whose suffering is alleviated by a mother. These attachment-based behaviors are not exclusive to the human species, as many other animals manifest attachment-related anxiety.
Within Erikson's theory of development, attachment-related crises form part of his famous 'eight stages' of the human psychological growth cycle. Each stage is characterized by a social conflict the child must resolve to move on to the next stage in a healthy fashion. The first stage (which occurs between birth and age one), that of 'trust vs. mistrust,' is intimately related to the development of attachment-related behavior...
A child with a competent caregiver that has his or her needs reliably met will learn to trust the world. A child who does not will have 'trust issues' and manifest abnormal separation anxiety or other psychological issues related to fear. The second stage of 'autonomy vs. shame and doubt' (preschool age) also relates to attachment-related behavior as the conflict is related to developing a sense of autonomy (Cherry 2012).
However, within most stages of the lifecycle, the need for some sense of purpose and autonomy must be balanced with the need to live in society and satisfy the expectations of others, even when this conflict is not necessarily at the forefront of the stated motivations of the individual's behavior. During the third stage of 'initiative vs. guilt,' the child begins to assert his or her leadership over social interactions and learns to play with others, for example. During the fourth stage, 'industry vs. inferiority,' a child gains a sense of self-mastery over his or her skills, but does so through the support of teachers and parents. The fifth stage of adolescence called 'identity vs. confusion' involves establishing a secure identity, but through identifying with a peer group (Cherry 2012). Even the sixth, seventh, and eight stages of young…
References
Cherry, Kendra. (2012). Erikson's psychosocial stages of development. About.com.
Retrieved: http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/psychosocial_3.htm
Stevenson-Hinde, Joan. (1994). An ethological perspective. Psychological Inquiry, 5 (1): 62-65
..attachment theory....human babies, notoriously helpless creatures that they are, need mother love or something much like it in order to thrive and develop emotionally and cognitively" (27). This statement is applied in the context of Bowlby's thesis that it is the attachment between the child and the caregiver that ultimately determines the level of emotional and cognitive development of the individual. Thus, greater and more positive attachment leads to healthy
Animals in captivity, for example, have often been genetically, behaviorally or anatomically manipulated in order to enhance acclimation to the new environment. Similarly, animals have been neutered, declawed or defanged to be more compatible with their human keepers. Those who are in support of captivity of animals need to revisit such earlier condoned behavior and ensure that animals receive necessary care, nutrition and exercise and live in proper caging
The stress alarm, therefore, can actually assist the employee to improve her performance and is necessary especially, if positive perceptions regarding the challenges of the work environment exist. The response to the stress under the Cognitive Activation Theory of Stress, provided that the exceptions held by the employee are positive, is healthy and necessary for survival and productivity. Eriksen H.R., Murison, R., Pensgaard, a.M., Ursin, H. (2005). Under this
c. Other theorists (Modern Attachment Theories) Upon the establishment and strengthening of Bowlby and Ainsworth's Attachment Theory, other theorists have developed new studies which either tested the theory or sought to apply it in different contexts or scenarios. Inevitably, most scenarios and contexts that new theorists and psychology researchers took is the path to explaining grief and bereavement. Others, however, have centered on specific aspects of the theory and sought to
I often worry that my partner doesn't really love me or won't want to stay with me. I want to get very close to my partner, and this sometimes scares people away. (Fraley, 2004) Fraley relates that it was found in the study of Hazan and Shaver "...based on this three-category measure...that the distribution of categories was similar to that observed in infancy. In other words, about 60% of adults
Nursing Theory Analysis Theory-based nursing is the phenomenon that has been researched much during the past two decades. Nursing theory has become the foundation for nursing practice with its own knowledge base. The current paper is an analysis of King's theory of goal attainment. King acquired her goal attainment theory model from an interpersonal system and a behavioral science. The nurse and patient communicate to achieve a common goal of patient