Sign Up Now
Get instant access to over 1 million+ study documents
OR
Already registered? click here to login
By creating your account, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and student honor code.
Additionally, policy makers and politicians have to take into account the viewpoints and sensitivities of their constituencies given that voters are most certainly impacted by transportation developments as residents, motorists, commuters, and taxpayers. Unpopular projects pushed through over vocal protests will very likely produce a backlash at the ballot box. Indeed, promoting a particular transportation project can be a political campaign in and of itself.
Similarly, paying for city transportation projects is a political endeavor because it involves utilizing the public funds. Project financing can come from many different sources. There are user fees such as vehicle registration fees, fuel taxes, and public transit fares; non-user funds including property, sales, and income or payroll taxes; special benefit fees such as traffic impact fees, service charges, and tax increment financing; debt financing such as bonds; private financing like developer funding and negotiated investments; and special revenue streams such as a lottery and advertising fees. Each type of funding comes with positive and negative consequences, and they impact various constituencies, who may be the providers of the funds depending...
301-302). It is because of real or perceived injustice concerning the distribution of the positive and negative consequences across constituencies that is at the heart of the "lack of consensus" regarding the public budgeting process. No one wants to feel as though they are paying more than their fair share or that they are paying for something they personally will not use. Planners and policymakers must make every effort to maximize the collective gain and appropriately distribute the funding pains when structuring project financing.
References
Benz, G.P. (1999). Financial and economic considerations. In J.D. Edwards (Ed.),
Transportation planning handbook (2nd ed.) (pp.239-338). Washington, D.C.: Institute of Transportation Engineers.
Patriksson, M. (1994). Traffic assignment problems: Models and methods. Utrecht: VSP
International Science.
(3rd ed.). New York: Springer. Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-0-387-77152-6/contents/
Human Trafficking: Comparative Analysis of Human Trafficking in the United States with the World Stephanie I. Specialized Field Project Human Trafficking is a very serious issue that affects every country around the world. Human Trafficking is also known as "Sex Trafficking," or "Modern Day Slavery," which reflects the primary reasons people are bought and sold today -- sex trade and involuntary labor. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) defines sex trafficking as "the
The mechanisms that have been put forth to handle issues of day amercement are rudimentary to the knowledge of many people in the U.S. For instance, day Fines is subject to the capabilities of the offenders. It is not a subject imposed to all offenders no with no consideration of their financial stabilities. Nonetheless, offenders who are judged to be within the bracket of paying day charge make it
Government The Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act Final Project / Dissertation Degree: Juris Doctorate Specialized Major: Specialization: Constitutional Law Full Address: The Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act This paper reviews the rights and protection that a state and federal government official provides to citizens that have been the subject of human trafficking crimes. Citizens need the protection of the police and other law enforcement officials to report human trafficking crimes and to protect and assist those that need
All sheets must be accounted for and either closed off or re-scheduled before the new 'work to' list is formed. The maintenance superintendent checks all sheets to ensure quality of the system. Defects are entered into the system by the operations personnel who monitor the operation of all equipment or are usually the first point of contact for other personnel. The technician who rectifies a defect is responsible for
Air traffic has continued to increase and it now constitutes a considerable proportion of the travelling public. The amount of long-hour flights has increased significantly. Based on the International Civil Aviation authority, air traffic can be anticipated to double amid till 2020. Airline travel, especially over longer distances, makes air travelers vulnerable to numerous facets that will impact their health and well-being. Particularly, the speed with which influenza spreads and
Formative Assessments Popham -1 - Implementing one of Popham's four "steps" should be regular and a part of the everyday classroom management edict. For instance, as instructor's collect evidence, they must decide whether to proceed, review, or change instruction; students use evidence of understanding to help them reroute thinking processes ro adjust learning procedures; and, depending on the climate of the classroom, both teachers and students should adjust assessment by using