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On orders of Pope Paul V, Galileo is ordered not to hold or defend the Copernican theory. Later, in 1624, Galileo was allowed to write about the Copernican theory provided that he treated it as a mathematical hypothesis. When Galileo published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems in1630, comparing the Ptolemaic and Copernican models, the Church stopped its distribution and condemned Galileo to house arrest for the rest of his life.
The final steps leading to the rejection of Aristotle and Ptolemy come from Johannes Kepler, Rene Descartes and Isaac Newton. Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe an elliptical form and operation of planetary orbits that contradict Aristotle's assertion that the orbits of the planets were round circles. 2005).
In 1637, Rene Descartes published Discourse of Method, a work setting forth the principles of deductive reasoning as used in the modern scientific method. In short, his method required (1) accepting as truth only clear, distinct ideas that could not be doubted, (2) breaking a problem down into parts, (3) deducing one conclusion from another, and (4) conducting a systematic synthesis of all things. Descartes based his entire philosophical approach to science on this deductive method of reasoning in contrast to Aristotelian philosophy based on simple observation through reason alone.
Last, but certainly not least, Isaac Newton published Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica in 1687. This book lays out Newton's model of the universe according to the laws of motion and gravitation that serve as a basis for today's physics and astronomy. Aristotle had believed that there is only a velocity if there is a force, but Newton proved that an object with a certain velocity maintains that velocity unless a force acts on it to cause an acceleration. Aristotle has formed his believe through his observation that had failed to capture the role played by frictional forces.
In summary, this paper demonstrated why there was a Scientific Revolution in 16th and 17th centuries, not just simple evolution. Science as we know it did not really emerge until this period. Once underway it dispelled commonly held principles based on simple observation by predecessors such as Aristotle and Ptolemy. And, it did so despite greater efforts to cling to tradition and religious beliefs.
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How did Galileo respond to the edict? What did he do to protect himself? The original 1616 edict was not taken entirely seriously: "The Sun-Centered universe still remained an unproven idea -- without, [Pope] Urban believed, any proof in its future" (Sobel 138). However, Galileo still undertook steps to protect himself, defending his writings as a way: "to show Protestants to the north…that Catholics understood more about astronomy" (Sobel 140).
Two of the most important proponents were the French philosophes, Montesquieu and Jean Jacques Rousseau, whose great contributions to the Enlightenment lead to the development of liberal democracy characterized among modern societies at present. Montesquieu's discourse, entitled, "The Spirit of the Laws," provided objective and insightful propositions for reforms as societies change from being traditional to modern. According to him, the process towards social progress should be accompanied with material progress,
' His ground-breaking "Principia Mathematica" published in 1687 argued that the universe could be explained completely through the use of Mathematics without resorting to theology or the scriptures; that the universe behaved in an entirely rational and predictable way explainable by the laws of physics. Newton thus argued, and proved his arguments by observation and the use of mathematics, that the universe was 'mechanistic' and behaved like a vast machine
Of course there exist different concepts of anti-modernism, which state that scientific revolution and modernism lead the society to the moral and spiritual decline. But their appeal to refuse from the achievements of scientific progress sounds absurd or as a regressive religious appeal of fundamentalists, who want to contradict natural matter of facts, set by the dynamic laws of nature. Making a conclusion it's important to say that scientific revolution
Scientific Revolution was the period when man's intellect explored the interests of science, reasoning, and truth. It was the time when man, not satisfied with the assumptions about things he was used, explored scientific methods and theories to determine the truth about things based on scientific way of thinking. The emphasis of this intellectual change was on natural sciences of the earth such as astronomy, physics, zoology, geology, mathematics,
The new universe made room for God because the collective mind was opened to the notion of a divine entity controlling all aspects of the universe not just one corner of it. The Industrial Revolution can call Britain "home" (Craig 627) because at the time, Britain was the "single largest free-trade area in Europe" (627). Mechanical inventions spark the beginning of this revolution. In 1769, the spinning jenny was patented,