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¶ … woman entered the National Institutes of Health Research Hospital in Bethesda Maryland with a serious, but fairly routine infection; however the subsequent events were to prove anything but routine. The article titled "Tracking a Hospital Outbreak of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae with Whole-Genome Sequencing," traced the effort to discover the cause of the woman's illness, as well how the staff at one of America's most advanced hospitals dealt with the subsequent outbreak of disease. (Starr, 2012) This article interested me because it focused on an outbreak of illness, something which anyone could have been affected, but also because it discussed two aspects of the course and it's text: single-celled life forms and genetics.
The woman brought to the NIH research hospital was suffering from an infection caused by an antibiotic-resistant organism, but it was a new strain, never before encountered. About a month after she was treated and discharged, another patient came down with the same infection, and then more and more. After many unsuccessful attempts to isolate the cause of the infections, the NIH eventually used a new technology, known as "Whole Genome Sequencing," to isolate the bacteria's DNA, discover a pattern of infection, and bring it under control. This process is a new way to quickly isolate and sequence the entire genome of a particular organism, which the NIH used to help identify the pattern of infection. Of the 17 other patients who contracted the infection, six died, but it was learned that the pathogen...
(Melissa Block, Eddie Cornish)
The pathogen in question was called Klebsiella pneumoniae, which is a Gram-negative coccobacilli, relatively small, (0.5-0.8 / 1-2um), does not form spores, and is easily fixed. ("Klebsiella Pneumoniae Morphology") This particular bacterium has an optimal growth temperature range from 97-99 degrees F; which coincides with the average human body temperature of 98.6 degrees. ("Klebsiella Pneumoniae Morphology") The researchers discovered the organism can reside in the flora of hospitals, and in the general hospital environment where antibiotics are commonly used, spawning antibiotic resistance strains. The organism then can colonize in the gastrointestinal tracts of hospital patients without any sign of infection for some time, and causing them to become unintentional carriers of the pathogen.
According to the article, the best way to prevent transmission of disease was to identify the carriers of the pathogen, but in order to accomplish this task, the infection needed to be tracked. This meant the actual places, machines, people, etc., had to be tested for the presence of the pathogen, as was done at the NIH research hospital. This was facilitated by the advent of Whole Genome Sequencing, a process that can identify pathogens quickly and inexpensively through isolating and sequencing their genes. In the meantime, as the article pointed out, patients had to be isolated from other patients; gloves, gowns, and other protective clothing was…
References
"Klebsiella Pneumoniae Morphology" Klebsiella Pneumoniae.org. Retrieved from http://klebsiella-pneumoniae.org/klebsiella_pneumoniae_morphology.html
Melissa Block, Eddie Cornish. (30 Oct 2012). Interview "NIH Takes Extraordinary Steps
In Fighting 'Superbug'." NPR.org. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2012/08/23/159931389/nih-takes-extraordinary-steps-in-fighting-super bug
Snitkin, Evan, etal. (Aug 2012). "Tracking a Hospital Outbreak of Carbapenem-Resistant
Translational Medicine 22.4 148+. Retrieved from http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/4/148/148ra116.full?sid=f83c05ad-8da2-4e56-
Research Grant National Institutes of Health Research Grant This essay examines the application process for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) research grant through the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), Funding Opportunity Title Genomic Resource Grants for Community Resource Projects (U41), Funding Opportunity Announcement Number PAR-11-095. The NHGRI was established originally as the National Center for Human Genome research in 1989 and led the NIH's contribution to the Human Genome Project. This
" (AAFP, nd) The Health Maintenance Organization further should "…negotiate with both public and private payers for adequate reimbursement or direct payment to cover the expenses of interpreter services so that they can establish services without burdening physicians…" and the private industry should be "…engaged by medical organizations, including the AAFP, and patient advocacy groups to consider innovative ways to provide interpreter services to both employees and the medically underserved." (AAFP,
Health Behavior The "Theories At A Glance" manual discussed a variety of healthy behaviors. Select two theories that can be used to explain why people behave the way they do. Discuss the basic premise and constructs of the theories you choose. Cite two examples of how each theory could be used to explain a health behavior. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) The relationship that exists between behavior and attitudes, beliefs and intention
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in the United States of America. It also discusses its association with different diseases. It highlights the role played by federal and state government to control this disease from preventing. In addition to that this paper also discusses whether the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination should be made mandatory for girls entering sixth grade or not. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) can be defined as a group
Therefore, I would tell the patient that their symptoms should not be considered in isolation of their whole person. Websites that address symptoms only are not taking into account the wealth of factors that can influence the diagnosis of a specific disease. At the same time, patients have the right to know about alternative solutions other than those provided or suggested by the physician or health care organization. Sometimes insurance
097 United States 0.109 0.093808 0.036112 0.068 Utah 0.1071 0.1401 0.035696 0.073 Vermont 0.1326 0.0988 0.040851 0.114 Virgin Islands NA NA NA Virginia 0.1048 0.0829 0.080009 0.092 Washington 0.1229 0.0669 0.027831 0.068 West Virginia 0.1293 0.0774 0.036499 0.055 Wisconsin 0.0954 0.0357 0.032367 0.097 Wyoming 0.1251 0.1453 0.053867 0.075 Notes All spending includes state and federal expenditures. Growth figures reflect increases in benefit payments and disproportionate share hospital payments; growth figures do not include administrative costs, accounting adjustments, or costs for the U.S. Territories. Definitions Federal Fiscal Year: Unless otherwise noted, years preceded by "FY" on statehealthfacts.org refer to the Federal Fiscal Year, which runs from October 1 through September 30. for example, FY 2009 refers to the period