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Tumor Invasion and Metastasis
Tumor Invasion
This is a paper that concentrates on tumor invasion and metastasis. There are five references used for this paper.
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases faced by mankind today. It is important to look at tumor invasion and metastasis to understand how cancer can spread and ways in which the progress of cancer can be arrested.
Tumor Invasion
A substantial problem in the treatment of carcinoma patients is tumor invasion and metastasis. Approximately "30% of patients with newly diagnosed solid tumors already have clinically detectable metastases (herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514254023/html/x446.html)." The production of "extracellular matrix degrading enzymes, such as serine proteinases, metalloproteinases, cysteine proteinases, threonine proteinases, and aspartic proteinases (herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514254023/html/x446.html)" is linked with tumor invasion.
The transition from "in situ tumor growth to mestastic disease is defined by the ability of tumor cells at the primary site to invade local tissue and to cross tissue barriers (http://www.harcourt-international.com/e-books/pdf/478.pdf)." The process begins when neoplastic cells infiltrate "the basement membrane and invade the interstitial stroma by active protolysis. Intravasation requires tumor cell invasion of the subendothelial basement membrane, in a similar manner as tumor cell extravasation occurs in the distant organ (http://www.harcourt-international.com/e-books/pdf/478.pdf)."
Metastasis
Metastasis is the "transfer of a disease from an organ of a body to another not related to it. The spread of cancer cells to distant sites implies a complex series of cellular abnormalities caused, in part, by genetic aberrations (Van Noorden, 1998 )."
The majority of cells in the body are held "tightly in place by molecular tethers that link them with the other cells and the proteinaceous matrix in that tissue (Van Noorden, 1998)." The cells are not designed to travel throughout the body and invade other organs. However, the altered metastactic cancers cells are able to sever the links and attack the proteinaceous...
Instead, they are often "more dangerous than the original, or primary, tumor (Van Noorden, 1998)." These cells starve and dislodge the organ's normal cells, which can be deadly since the organ is unable to function normally with the cancerous cells embedded within it.
ATX
There are protein factors that regulate tumor cell motility. The "secreted factors in the conditioned media of some human melanoma cells is termed autocrine motility hypothesis, which suggests that tumor cells may initiate, sustain, and regulate their own locomotion (home.ccr.cancer.gov/LOP/Research/tumorinv/default.asp)." One factor which is purified from a melanoma cell line is autotaxin (ATX). ATX is a "novel 125 kDa glycoprotein and ectoenzyme that is a potent stimulator or tumor cell motility, invasion, and metastasis. ATX stimulates random and directed motility (ED50~300-500 pM) in a variety of tumor cell lines, including those from prostate and breast carcinomas, melanomas, and neuroblastomas (home.ccr.cancer.gov/LOP/Research/tumorinv/default.asp)." The ATX protein is secreted and synthesized by these cell lines and teratocarcinoma cells.
Homology between family of "cell surface type 1 phosphodiesterases called NPPs (nucleotide phosphodiesterase and pyrophospatases) and ATX was discovered via a cDNA sequence analysis (home.ccr.cancer.gov/LOP/Research/tumorinv/default.asp)." Components of NPPs include a "marker of B cell activiation (PC-1/NPP-1), a neural differentiation antigen (B-10/NPP-3), and ATX (NPP-2). Native ATX possesses phosphodiesterase activity at neutral and alkaline pH, binds ATP non-covalently, and has pyrophosphatase, ATPase, ADPase, and AMPase activities. Homogeneously purified recombinant ATX, based on the teratocarcinoma sequence, retains all of these activities, as well as a capacity to stimulate motility (home.ccr.cancer.gov/LOP/Research/tumorinv/default.asp)." ATX is considered be a factor in metastatic surges through a number of mechanisms, and supports an "invasive…
Tumor Suppressor p53 The p53 tumor suppressor, also known as the TP 53 or tumor protein can be referred to as a gene that codes for a protein that is responsible for the regulation of the cycle of the cell and therefore acting as tumor suppression. It is significant for cells in multicellular organisms to suppress cancer, p53 has been referred to as ‘the guardian of the genome’ as extracted from
The Tumor Microenvironment-A Scientific BriefIntroduction�The tumor microenvironment includes all cells and tissues associated with the tumor, including connective tissue, immune cells, and the stroma. It explains why individuals' immune systems mutants or sense cancerous cells, activating cytotoxic T cells, engulfing those cells that make up tumors, thus killing them 3. Multiple times a day, the body goes through this process. Some cancer cells suppress the immune response not to detect
Epidemiology Liegl-Atzwanger, Fletcher and Fletcher (2010) pointed out that the exact incidences of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the United States and Europe is not easy to determine. This is attributed to the fact that GISTs got proper recognition as well as diagnosis from the late 1990s.Studies carried out in Iceland ( Tryggvason et al.,2005), Sweden (Nilsson et al.,2005), as well as Holland (Goettsch,2004) have indicated that close to 11,14.5 and 12.7
74 per million Taiwanese." (Tzen, et al., 2007) Summary and Conclusion This work in writing stated an objective to examine both the incidence of and possible cause factors for Gastro-Intestinal Stromal Tumor in the Chinese population. There are two tumors that are often mistaken for GISTs and specifically those known as: (1) Fibromatosis; and (2) leomysarcoma. (Rubic, Heinrich, and Corless, 2007) Findings in this study include that there apparently are genetic bases for
Immunotherapists can provide sensitive and accurate cancer diagnostic tools for the successful treatment of the disease and to stop it well in its tracks (cancerresearch.org, 2009). The outward advantages of immunotherapy are as follows: certain drugs have fewer side effects and offer patients a higher quality of life, bolstered anti-cancer effectiveness and rates of survival, benefits are often reaped quickly for the patient (cisncancer.org). The disadvantages are as follows: some
Rheumatoid arthritis is a widespread autoimmune disease that is linked to progressive disability, socioeconomic costs, systemic complications, and even early death. In addition to having an unknown cause, the disease also has a guarded prognosis. In the past few years, there have been several attempts to understand the pathogenesis of the disease, which have resulted in the creation of new therapeutics with enhanced outcomes (McInnes & Schett, 2011, p.2205). As