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Dr. Magnarelli states that the information used in this testing " is useful in confirming the epidemiology of the virus, determining when it arrived in certain areas and how it spreads." (Science Daily, 2008) the following illustration shows West Nile Virus (2008) in State with Equine cases with the total number of cases as of September 2, 2008 being 42.
West Nile Virus in 2008 (States with Equine Cases)
Total number of cases September 2, 2008
Source: United States Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (2008)
SUMMARY & CONCLUSION
West Nile Virus in horses requires diligent preventive factors because horses are more prone to become infected with West Nile Virus than are other animal species. West Nile Virus is a mosquito born infection and there are precautions that can be taken to reduce the risk of infection such as putting horses in the barn from dusk to dawn, installing screening around barn stalls that are open to the outside, and by eliminating standing water on the property where horses are pastured. Because the horse is more prone to become infected with West Nile Virus than are other animal species, vaccination of horses has been deemed by veterinarians to be very important even to the point of vaccinating mares who are pregnant and vaccinating colts as early as three months of age. Optimum vaccination schedules are stated to be semi-annually for horses while some veterinarians are known to vaccine as often as every four months. There has been a new vaccine developed for horses infected with West Nile Virus and it is believed that this same vaccine...
Horses that have contracted the West Nile Virus infection often have the same signs and symptoms of horses infected with other diseases therefore, it is very important that the horse be tested upon notice of the telltale symptoms related in this research study.
Bibliography
West Nile Virus Vaccination Guidelines (2005) American Association of Equine Practitioners. Supplement to the AAEP Guidelines for Vaccination of Horses, January 2001. Online available at http://www.aaep.org/pdfs/AAEP_WNV_Guidelines_2005.pdf
West Nile Encephalitis in Horses (nd) Penn State University. College of Agricultural sciences - Agricultural Research and Cooperative Extension. Online available at http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/un008.pdf
Society for General Microbiology (2008, August 22). New and Improved Test for West Nile Virus in Horses. ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 13, 2008, at http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080819213052.htm
Animal Health Monitoring & Surveillance (2008) West Nile Virus - States with Equine Cases, Total Cases as of September 2, 2008-42. United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
West Nile Virus (2004) Veterinary Services. Aphis.usda.gov. 2004 October Online available at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fs_ahwnv.html
Minimizing the threat of West Nile Virus (2008) WSDA. Online available at http://agr.wa.gov/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/Diseases/WestNileVirus/default.htm
West Nile Virus in Horses
Bibliography
West Nile Virus Vaccination Guidelines (2005) American Association of Equine Practitioners. Supplement to the AAEP Guidelines for Vaccination of Horses, January 2001. Online available at http://www.aaep.org/pdfs/AAEP_WNV_Guidelines_2005.pdf
West Nile Encephalitis in Horses (nd) Penn State University. College of Agricultural sciences - Agricultural Research and Cooperative Extension. Online available at http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/FreePubs/pdfs/un008.pdf
Society for General Microbiology (2008, August 22). New and Improved Test for West Nile Virus in Horses. ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 13, 2008, at http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080819213052.htm
Animal Health Monitoring & Surveillance (2008) West Nile Virus - States with Equine Cases, Total Cases as of September 2, 2008-42. United States Department of Agriculture - Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
West Nile Virus (2004) Veterinary Services. Aphis.usda.gov. 2004 October Online available at http://www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/fsheet_faq_notice/fs_ahwnv.html
Minimizing the threat of West Nile Virus (2008) WSDA. Online available at http://agr.wa.gov/FoodAnimal/AnimalHealth/Diseases/WestNileVirus/default.htm
West Nile Virus In recent years, every summer, the threat of West Nile (WN) virus has become the scourge of the temperate regions of Europe and North America. (Abramovitz, 2004) The virus presents a threat to the human and animal population -- especially the bird population. Symptoms of WN viral infection range from mild fevers and aches, to encephalitis (inflammation of the spinal cord and brain). The latter can be fatal.
West Nile virus was first detected in the Western Hemisphere in 1999 and during the last few years has spread cross the North American continent into all forty-eight continental states, seven Canadian provinces, throughout Mexico (West). Moreover, the virus has been detected in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, and El Salvador (West). According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 15,000 people in
West Nile Virus In the summer of 1999, an unusual thing occurred: West Nile Encephalitis came to New York City. This was unusual because the disease had previously been present in the Middle East and Africa, and sporadically present in Europe, but unknown in North America. Its sudden appearance in America sparked speculation that West Nile Virus was brought to America by terrorists as a form of biological warfare. In spite of
West Nile Virus is form of encephalitis only found in the United States within the last three years. It is spread by mosquitoes. The mosquito bites an infected animal, often a bird, and then bites a human being, infecting that person with the virus. The first case of West Nile Virus was reported in New York City in 1999, but by the end of last summer had reached virtually all
Worldwide, the distribution pattern of WNV is mainly found in the northern, eastern and southern regions of Africa, parts of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia. On a global scale, mortality rate of diseases caused by WNV human infection could range from 2.4% to as high as 47% (Bourne, 2011). In the United States, CDC reports its latest (2011) data showing that there have been a total of 432
diseases West Nile virus, malaria, plague, and yellow fever. Specifically, it will discuss the history and distribution of the diseases in the United States or worldwide, and compare each of the diseases based on the categories above, as to which is most important individually and overall in terms of relative impact. West Nile virus only appeared in the United States in 1999, but it has become quite a feared disease