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The standards were meant to provide access to the future successes of a UC-Davis education despite previous disadvantage, but were not without flaw.
In 1973 and the following year, Bakke applied to the medical school with a benchmark score of 468 out of 500. Each time he was rejected, as were all students in the regular applicant pool with a score below 470. Yet, four special admissions spots remained, and he was not considered to fill them. Bakke wrote a letter of complaint to the Chairman of the Admissions Committee, complaining about the program's admissions bias, but in 1974, his lowest review in committee was from the same chairman, who cited his opinions as too narrow minded for the UC-Davis standards. In both years, though, Bakke applied with a higher GPA and MCAT score than his special admissions peers. Infuriated, he filed suit with the Superior Court of California seeking an injunction. He claimed that the very program that was meant to overcome the aftermath of institutional prejudice was in fact committing the same crime to him.
The core of his case involved an argument that the medical school's admissions standards undermined the Equal Protection Clause, the California Constitution, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Turning the idea of racial prejudice on its head, the California Supreme Court voted in his favor 8 to 1. The University appealed to the Supreme Court, seeking to maintain its special admissions programs. On June 28, 1978, the Court decided in Bakke's favor, holding that while race can be one of many factors of consideration in the admissions...
They understood that race was an issue that needed to be taken into consideration in admissions, but the unconstitutionality of the quotas could not be denied. Justice Powell stated that race could be used as a factor in admissions to mollify the social separation inherent in post-segregationist America, and he drew public attention to the Harvard College Admissions program which used race as part of "holistic review" of applicants. While he was in favor of the consideration of race but against the quotas at UC-Davis, the rest of the Justices were split firmly in half.
Since the case, the decision of the Court has affirmed Powell's approach to the admissions process and its treatment of race. In 2003, Grutter vs. Bollinger attacked the race processes used in admissions at the University of Michigan Law School, where Lee Bollinger, now the leader of Columbia University, presided over a process where race serves as a "predominant" factor of consideration. By establishing race as a point of "compelling interest," Bakke dealt directly with the problem of social hierarchy in the aftermath of the civil rights movement and segregation, and the ensuing concern with a modern reverse-prejudice, in a manner that remains relevant and…
The decision went against the social flow of progressive American society, including that of the many of the Justices deciding the case. They understood that race was an issue that needed to be taken into consideration in admissions, but the unconstitutionality of the quotas could not be denied. Justice Powell stated that race could be used as a factor in admissions to mollify the social separation inherent in post-segregationist America, and he drew public attention to the Harvard College Admissions program which used race as part of "holistic review" of applicants. While he was in favor of the consideration of race but against the quotas at UC-Davis, the rest of the Justices were split firmly in half.
Since the case, the decision of the Court has affirmed Powell's approach to the admissions process and its treatment of race. In 2003, Grutter vs. Bollinger attacked the race processes used in admissions at the University of Michigan Law School, where Lee Bollinger, now the leader of Columbia University, presided over a process where race serves as a "predominant" factor of consideration. By establishing race as a point of "compelling interest," Bakke dealt directly with the problem of social hierarchy in the aftermath of the civil rights movement and segregation, and the ensuing concern with a modern reverse-prejudice, in a manner that remains relevant and valid thirty years later.
The Columbia Electronic Enyclopeida, 6th Ed. New York, Columbia University Press, 2005. [DVD]
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They have, on average, a thirty-five to forty percent increase in the number of scheduled departures and hub-and-spoke operations have made an increased number of destinations available to them. Airlines have cut frills during our current economic downturn, but the success of no-frills, low-cost airlines such as Southwest Airlines which do not offer many traditional amenities indicates that a substantial proportion of passengers are more swayed by price than
These have led to various problem areas which have had a dramatic affect on Muslim life. They include the increase in terror activities in Europe; the rise of anti-Semitism within the Muslim community and the increase in the prevalence of right - wing parties that are often violently opposed in their actions and rhetoric to Islamic fundamentalism. A fundamental issue that should be considered in attempting to understand the impact
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Vann Woodward and Jim Crow Evaluating the impact of Reconstruction social policy on blacks is more controversial due to the issue of segregation. Until the publication of C. Vann Woodward Strange Career of Jim Crow in 1955, the traditional view was that after the gains of Reconstruction, Conservative Democrats clamped down on the blacks by instituting an extensive system of segregation and disfranchisement (Woodward, 1974). Woodward, however, argued that there was
The Church Committee concluded that these activities made the intelligence community a secret government that was illegal, unethical, and improper and did not reflect the people or the nation of America. Secret intelligence actions were used to disrupt, harass, and destroy domestic law-abiding citizens and groups. At the time, people were spied on with excessive intrusion with the methods being illegal. In addition, the intelligence agencies carried out secret infiltration