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This was equivalent to those youth utilizing ongoing, long-term services (Pollio, Thompson, Tobias, Reid and Spitznagel, 2006).
Critique
There are several significant limitations that must be considered when looking at the results of this study. First, there was lack of a control group which limits the conclusions that can be drawn concerning causal assertions about the effectiveness of services. It is thought that future research on service use for this population needs to include a comparison condition of other troubled youth, perhaps runaway/homeless youth not seeking crisis services. Features of the sampling strategy limited the generalization of the findings. Since the sample included only service-using youth, it is not generalizable to the entire runaway/homeless population. The authors believed that the youth in this sample were representative of the population of service-using runaway/homeless youth from Missouri, Illinois, Nebraska, and Kansas. However, other research has suggested that this population is not representative of other geographic areas across the U.S. In terms of demographics and other factors. This provides support for the need to examine service-seeking populations in other regions of around the country (Pollio, Thompson, Tobias, Reid and Spitznagel, 2006).
In addition, the outcomes were only measured for 6 months after intervention. Although this extends the length of other longitudinal studies currently in the literature, whether further reduction occurs or outcomes maintain can not be determined by this study. It is also thought that there was a possibility that agency personnel interviewing their own program participants may have introduced bias into the study. The researchers felt that the trade-off of re-locating individuals and tracking a representative sample without an abundant budget made this bias unavoidable. A further challenge that was found when using agency personnel as interviewers was that the outcome interviews had to be relatively short. This resulted in an instrument that measured outcomes and service but was limited in complexity. The limited number...
Most importantly, the evidence of short-term outcome improvement supported the need to continue provisions of short-term crisis services for this particular population. The results also point to the need for additional services following discharge from emergency shelter services. While it appears that these services can be helpful to the successful outcomes of these high-risk youth, it is also seen that high-risk youth exhibit low rates of social service utilization (Pollio, Thompson, Tobias, Reid and Spitznagel, 2006).
Conclusion
Short-term shelters are a central part of the national service response to the needs of runaway and homeless youth. This study adds to the knowledge of the effectiveness of this model through testing hypotheses around short -- and longer-term effectiveness, as well as exploring the role of post-discharge service use. The results confirm the hypotheses that runaway shelters are effective across a wide range of outcomes, but that over time many of these outcomes ease. Post-discharge service use does not appear to be consistently associated with improved outcomes. This may be because of the measurement or reflect differences in severity of youth's problems. The findings of this study suggest that there is a need for post-discharge coordination of care, particularly around substance use and family issues (Pollio, Thompson, Tobias, Reid and Spitznagel, 2006).
References
Pollio, David E., Thompson, Sanna J., Tobias, Lisa, Reid, Donna and Spitznagel, Edward.
(2006). Longitudinal Outcomes for Youth Receiving Runaway/Homeless Shelter
Services. Journal of Youth & Adolescence. 35(5), p. 852-859.
The transition from pre-conventional to conventional moral development is changing one's view from selfishness to responsibility for others. The transition from conventional to post conventional development is from goodness to truth that "they are people, too." Gilligan's theory supports that there is more than one dimension to moral reasoning, whereas Kohlberg's theory is focused on a male-centered view. 7. An individual employing problem-focused coping strategies will target the cause of their
For some, there will be a denial and minimization of the substance habit as being inconsequential, purely recreational or extremely intermittent. This response is akin to the young adult asserting that there is no problem. For other homeless youths, their drug or alcohol habit maybe viewed as a form of survival: these drugs help these teenagers bear life on the street. In that sense the substance is attributed as
Help her to realize that having a child may interfere with her future career, but that many mothers have successful home and job lives. There are an infinite number of options, and a determined teenager can find a way to success. Do not skirt around the issues of danger, however, as teenagers are more likely to miscarry or have other complications with their pregnancy such as premature labor and
homeless and runaway young people is viewed by many authorities as a human rights condition that grows out of poverty and victimization, often right in their family settings, and later, in the street (Farrow 1992) where they are further exposed to violence and other forms of dysfunction.. The International Perspective on the Health Needs of Homeless Youth uses the terms "street children" to refer to those below 18 years old
The subjects were adolescents 14-18 years old. They were recruited from schools and health clinics. The subjects completed an in-depth survey and interview at baseline and again 6 months later. The subsequent analyses were limited to adolescents with steady partners who reported sexual activity between the baseline and 6-month follow-up assessment periods (N = 179). At baseline, five-scale measures and a single-item measure were used to assess predictive constructs,
(1999) which are: 1) Those with serious mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bi-polar disorder with major depression and who use alcohol and drugs to self-mediate to cope with the symptoms; and 2) Those with borderline personality and anti-social personality disorders including anxiety disorder that is complicated by use of alcohol and illicit drugs. (Mather et al. 1999) Presenting further difficulty is the establishment of problems with alcohol and illicit drug use