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Autism: Constant vs. Varied
Varied reinforcers have been shown repeatedly to have many benefits over constant reinforers. But real life environmental challenges can preclude reliable measurement results, making it less clear how the response patterns contribute to subject preferences and their resistance to change. The study article by Miros et al. utilize a fixed-ration assessment methodology grounded in an additional level of variability that fluctuates in their testing methodology between the subject's preference assessment and the baseline and reinforcement tests of resistance. The expectation is to address findings in other studies that have limited the generality of results because ordinary disruptive challenges are confronted in applied settings. As such, this study moves the discussion forward and allows for a greater reliability of the role of variation in reinforcers in affirming and sustaining prosocial outcomes.
In the Miros study four young male subjects between the ages of six and 10 were selected. Each had different levels of communication and interactive abilities, and as such required the use of targeted ways that some methodological techniques were used. The authors reviewed these requirements and then detailed the configuration of the study space and the layout of the assessment and monitoring equipment, therein confirming how each subject used these setups using other recognized measures of interaction with constant and varied reinforcers (foods). The same setups were then used...
Physical modeling preliminary testing using a "Do This" methodology was implemented, setting up the circumstances where each subject could undergo three F1 (fixed ratio varied or fixed ratio constant with continuous reinforcement) preference assessments -- the orientation and sessions counterbalanced across participants to add further to the reliability of the results (Cosgrove, 2011). Various randomized F10 baseline conditions were then established for testing preferences for choosing specific reinforcers. These results showed a clear and consistent pattern favoring varied rewards in a way consistent with past studies. Statistic tests were conducted to ensure that the results were significant.
Next, a series of distractions were introduced using similar baseline methodologies. Preferred videos were identified for each subject in accordance with their communication limitations. Other levels of environmental variation occurred because of holiday breaks for two subjects (Peter and Dean), each of whom underwent assessments on three distraction conditions. The other two subjects (Sammy and Frank) interacted with four distraction settings.
Two of the boys, Frank and Sammy, showed greater deviations…
REFERENCES
Bowman, L.G., Piazza, C.C., Fisher, W.W., Hagopian, L.P., & J.S. Kogan (1997), Assessment of preference for varied verses constant reinforcers. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 30, 451-458.
G. Cosgove (2011). See Schedules of Reinforcement, Educate Autism, retrieved from http://www.educateautism.com/applied-behaviour-analysis/schedules-of-reinforcement.html
Hagopian L.P, Bruzek J.L, Bowman L.G, Jennett H.K. (2007) Assessment and treatment of problem behavior occasioned by interruption of free operant behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 40:89 -- 103.
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