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¶ … Drives Punitive Beliefs
Brian K. Payne, Randy R. Gainey, Ruth A. Triplett, and Mona J.E. Danner present a sociological examination of punitive beliefs in the United States in their article "What Drives Punitive Beliefs? Demographic Characteristics and Justifications for Sentencing." In particular the authors address three main research issues: how punitive citizens are and how they view certain criminal sanctions; what factors influence individuals' attitudes toward punishment; and whether differences in attitude are reflected in different races and gender. In their review of literature, the authors appropriately discuss non-scientific, philosophical studies of criminology and punishment, referring to early treatises on the subject such as Beccaria's Essays on Crime and Punishment and Emile Durkheim's mid-twentieth century beliefs that criminology. One of the greatest strengths of "What Drives Punitive Beliefs?" is in fact the author's incorporation of philosophical points in current sociological, empirical research. Mentioning the works of W.E.B. DuBois is a particularly positive reflection on the authors' inclusiveness of a wide...
al. outline in plain view the five fundamental functions of punishment for crime: "specific deterrence;" "general deterrence;" "retribution;" "rehabilitation;" and "incapacitation," (196). Stating these five functions report helps establish guidelines for the current research. The authors dedicate the remainder of the in-depth literature review to sentencing attitudes and their sources as well as the importance of studying those attitudes and sources. The literature review is comprehensive and offers ample groundwork for the present study.
Furthermore, the researchers painstakingly distinguish between punishment attitudes and sentencing attitudes. This differentiation is another key strength of the literature review section of "What Drives Punitive Beliefs?" Attitudes toward punishment, according to the authors, determine attitudes about why individuals should be punished whereas sentencing attitudes determine how individuals feel about how individuals should be punished (196). Sources cited are varied and wide-ranging, reflecting the broad-minded yet scholarly…
Works Cited
Payne, Brian K., Gainey, Randy R., Triplett, Ruth A., Danner, Mona J.E. "What Drives Punitive Beliefs? Demographic Chracteristics and Justifications for Sentencing."
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The extent of the good works achievable by humans is not enough in the eyes of God. However, justification by faith does not negate the role of the law. Indeed, Chapters 4-7 of Romans are devoted to explaining the role of the law in defining sin and consequently how Christ had to fulfill the letter of the law absolutely. Results of Justification One of the most important consequences of God's justification
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general education SDAIE or Sheltered English lesson plan based on the approach described in the course Writing Effective Lesson Plan textbook in a content area of history based on both the California English Language Art Standards and English Language Development standards. This paper states appropriate goals and objectives, objectives, outcomes, rationale, describe content presentation methods, instructional strategies, learning activities, technology, assessment techniques and teaching materials. Class Description The lesson is for
The referent methods of collecting data are summative to the two key positions of the same sex in the society. Some of the methods used included sampling, interviews, issuance of questionnaires and used of printed or secondary data. Sampling Samples were collected from different members of the society. The samples collected were directed reactions to the issue of the same sex in the society. Most approaches of collection that were used
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in reducing fraudulent financial reporting Introduction to Fraudulent Financial Reporting Available research on financial statement fraud relies mostly on anecdotal evidence (for example, Wells, 2001, 2002, 2004a, and 2004b; Rezaee, 2003). This evidence offers advice on how mechanisms related to the fraud triangle can be curtailed. It leads to theoretical sense to reduce factors which lead to more instances of fraud. However, deterrence and established deterrence methods