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Chemistry
Air monitoring provides the following contaminant concentrations at the approximate center of a fire scene in which acres of automobile tires are burning: Carbon monoxide @ 1700 ppm; Carbon dioxide @ 7000 ppm; and Sulfur dioxide @ 600 ppm. Ignoring synergistic effects between these gases, the following are individual concentrations that are considered life-threatening to the EH&S or FS professional responding to the scene: carbon monoxide: 50 ppm, carbon dioxide: 350 ppm, and sulfur dioxide: 120 ppm.
Certain combustion products are produced when materials made from polyacrylonitrile smolder and burn. The major products of thermal decomposition include hydrogen chloride, benzene and unsaturated hydrocarbons. In the presence of oxygen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water are included among the common combustion products. The main toxic products from PVC fires are hydrogen chloride (a sensory and pulmonary irritant) and carbon monoxide (an asphyxiant).
There exists a combination of properties that is responsible for the selection of trinitrotoluene as a military explosive. TNT is classified as a secondary explosive because it is less susceptible to initiation and requires a primary or initiating explosive to ignite it. TNT can be used as a booster or as a bursting charge for high-explosive shells and bombs. Also, TNT may be mixed with other explosives such as Royal Demolition Explosive (RDX) and High Melting Explosive (HMX) and it is a constituent of many explosives, such as amatol, pentolite, tetrytol, torpex, tritonal, picratol, and ednatol.
The following are properties of TNT that classify it as a military explosive: it is insensitive to shock and friction, so accidental detonation is prevented, it does not get dissolved in water, so it can be used in wet environment, it is more stable than other explosives, it melts at a temperature below which it spontaneously detonates, because of which it can be poured and safely combined with other explosives, and the activation energy for detonation of TNT is very high, so thereby making it more safer during military transportation and handling.
References
Misovec, A.P., Explosion Phenomena. 1976, David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center.
Swisdak, M. "Explosion Effects and Properties: Part II -- Explosion Effects and Causes." NSWC/WOR TR 76-116, 1978.
" (United Nations, 2000) The Household Budget Survey 1996/1997 reported that in excess of 14.5 of households in Mauritius are presently living below the poverty line and economic development has been stalled due to the "…rising cost of labor erosion of the protected international markets due to gradual effects of globalization and liberalization and increasing competition with other countries…" (United Nations, 2000) The distribution aspect of income and wealth has not
The Leblanc alkali production processes were especially pernicious, but they followed along the lines of previous industrial processes. In other words, the first British environmental legislation was a response not so much to a qualitative change in industrial processes and their environmental impact but more to a quantitative increase in sources of pollution that had up to that point been (if only barely) tolerable. Legislation Arising From Public Anger At the
Stress: Regulation of Wetlands in the United States Regulation of Wetlands in the United States Defining Wetlands and their Value A wetland refers to a place where water covers the soil. A wetland is a saturated land that comprises of swamps or marshes. Lewis defines a wetland as, "an ecosystem that depends on constant or recurrent, shallow inundation or saturation at or near the surface of the substrate" (p.3). He further ascertains that