Additional research showed that those who were frequently exposed to these movies were also inclined to develop risk-taking behavior (Greene and Kromar). Vulnerable young women who had long-term exposure to sexually objectifying media could suffer from decreased self-esteem, according to another study (Aubrey 2006). A group of 149 female undergraduates in a big mid-Western university was surveyed for their responses after having been exposed to such media. The study revealed that the exposure could dent their global self-esteem if they already possessed the vulnerability to these media materials. An example is Seventeen Magazine, which is an example of a sexually objectifying medium (Aubrey).

The media are an effective instrument of war (Payne 2005). Recent conflicts clearly demonstrate that the transmission of information plays a significant part in warfare. Winning a war is considered as decisive as actually beating the enemy at the battlefield. Winning the medial war is, therefore, a main item in the agenda of Western war-planners and policy decision-makers. News stations bring information on a 24-hour basis to their website's current affair section and through blogs. The public's increased interest in constant news must be matched by the military strategist and on an even more complex way to gain victory (Payne).

This reality has been established by the factory of the U.S. military in the post-Cold War (Payne 2005). Military commanders, therefore, must take stock of this reality and devise the best measures of controlling the media and influencing or even directing their output. The problem is that current laws and conventions of law do not appropriately address the role played by media in influencing the political outcome of a war. An international humanitarian law exists, which requires that members of the media be accorded the same rights as those enjoyed by civilians. However, this may not be practicable or sustainable in the heat of fighting itself (Payne).

Conclusion

In African countries, the media have made a magical difference in their political, economic and social...

Globalization and democratization worked like a magic wand in giving shape to innovations, especially the internet, and fuelled the industries. Advertising revenues almost reaching U.S.$3 billion derived from the power of the media. Joint ventures in publishing and broadcasting flourished. Subscriptions to cellular communication rose from $1.2 million in 1996 to $51 million in 2005 in these countries alone. The once-simple information recipient has turned into a content producer himself (Holtz 2005). This is the evidence of the domination of audiences who control the message. Another blessing from the media is media literacy, which all of 50 States support as part of their educational curriculum. Media literacy underscores the media's awesome responsibility and challenge to impart and enhance learning (Lundstrom 2004). Greene and Kromar (2005) made a connection between watching violent and horror films and the formation of aggressive behavior. They also found that those who were exposed to aggressive movie material were also inclined to develop a risk-taking trait or behavior. Vulnerable young girls who were exposed for some time to sexually objectifying media could experience reduced global self-esteem. And the media have also been potent instruments of war in influencing output. The media, therefore, produce both positive and negative effects on people.
Bibliography

Aubrey, J. S, (2006). Exposure to Sexually Objectifying Media and Body Self-Perceptions Among College Women.16 pages. Sex Roles: a Journal of Research: Springer

Greene, K.and Kromar, M. (2005). Predicting Exposure to, and Liking of, Media Violence. 17 pages. Communication Studies: Central States Speech Association

Holts, S. (2005). Establishing Connections. 2 pages. Communication World: International Association of Business Communicators

Kariithi, N. (2007). Connecting the Continent. 4 pages. Communication World: International Association of Business Communicators

Lundstrom, M. (2004). Media Savvy Kids. 4 pages. Instructor: Scholastic, Inc.

Payne, K.…