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¶ … condition that's NECESSARY for an argument to be "fallacious." necessary condition for an argument to be fallacious is that it be an argument (rather than, say, a mere description). Nothing is a fallacious argument unless it is an argument.
For 5 points, cite one condition that's SUFFICIENT.
A sufficient condition for an argument to be fallacious is if the argument trades on an ambiguity and thereby commits the fallacy of equivocation. An argument commits the fallacy of equivocation if (but not only if) two premises of the argument contain a predicate that has two different senses. If we disambiguate the premises in the same way, one of the premises is false. If we disambiguate the premises so as to make them both true, the argument is invalid.
For 5 points, cite one condition that's both NECESSARY AND SUFFICIENT.
Being rationally unconvincing is both necessary and sufficient for an argument to be fallacious. An argument is rationally unconvincing if and only if (1) the premises don't support the conclusion, (2) one of the premises is false, or (3) the argument is circular (or begs-the-question).
1.4. Cite one RELEVANT condition that's neither necessary nor sufficient:
When evaluating an argument to see whether it is fallacious, it is relevant to check to see whether it is deductively valid -- that is, check to see if it is not possible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. All non-fallacious (rationally compelling) arguments are either deductively valid or inductively strong. Being invalid is not a necessary condition for fallaciousness, though, as some valid arguments are fallacious -- those with false premises and circular arguments. Moreover,...
Find an example in of such an argument IN THE TEXT and show how it fits your portrayal.
The fallacy of ambiguity -- discussed in Rudinow, et al. Chapter 3, Section 4 -- illustrates this well.
Hurley provides an answer to the problem of establishing relevance in inductive arguments. Check Chapter 9!
2.1. For 5 points, where exactly is it located? Quote the relevant sentence(s) and give the requisite citation. Be as brief as possible:
in her introduction to Induction.
2.2. For 0-20 points, write an essay 1 page giving your opinion as to how this process might be encouraged and supported.
See below: Essay I
Rudinow and Barry provide an answer to the problem of establishing relevance in inductive arguments.
1. For 5 points, where exactly is it located? Quote the relevant sentence(s) and give the requisite citation. Be as brief as possible:
The start of chapter 7 on induction.
2. For 0-20 points, write an essay 1 page giving your opinion as to how this process might be encouraged and supported.
See below: Essay II
Essay I. Sometimes it is difficult to see whether an argument contains premises that are relevant to the conclusion. There are lots of reasons for this. For example, the fact that we find the fallacies of relevance psychologically compelling, on the one hand, and often are unconvinced by arguments that are invalid buy would become valid with the addition of a plausible implicit premise, illustrate that we have…
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Zoo Animals Human beings have kept animals in zoos for centuries, but only relatively recently have the ethical considerations of this practice been widely considered. At one extreme are those individuals and organizations that see no problem keeping animals in zoos and other attractions, in keeping with the long history of animal confinement in the service of human entertainment, and at the other extreme are those individuals and groups arguing that
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