Conflict resolution strategies and approaches

Conflict Resolution

Nigeria has been making the news across the globe of late and in particular in relation to the violence and sectarian attacks and activities that are predominant in the Northern part of the country. Significantly, the Boko Haram (an Islamic terror group linked to the Al Shabaab in Somali) kidnapping of more than 200 girls from a primary school within the Northern part of the country has attracted the loathing and action of many countries and U.S. being one of them. In the context of this paper, it is worth noting that the Boko Haram and the kidnapped girls were from different religious and ethnic background (Smith D., 2014). This is not the only group with such clandestine activities within this Northern region in Nigeria but there are several others. There are also various other attacks and animosities running for decades that are propagated by the ethnic differences that exists among the dwellers of the Northern Nigeria region and to a greater extent the other sections of Nigeria.

The predominant concentration of the inter-ethnic clashes and sectarian wars in the North, like the historical grudge that has been existing between the Hausa and the Taroh people in the Wase region of Nigeria calls for a wider understanding of the general trend in these clashes and lack of coexistence and the historical background needs to be exploited with a purely historical perspective rather than political inclination in order to get the idea of the reason behind the North being the hotspot for such in relative to other regions in that country.

Historical background

The modern country called Nigeria was a s a result of merger of two British colonies in 1914 which was done to give the colonialists convenience in terms of administration. It was to give the colonialists a united and continuous colony stretching from the Atlantic coast to Sahel. This need and the fact that the Northern Nigeria was not as rich as the Southern Nigeria necessitated the merging of the two colonies to get support from each other. Having one administrative block made a lot of sense in terms of administration and even the revenue base argument made a lot of sense. However, this merger has been the source of many animosities and the point of reference for the fights between the tribe s that were originally in the North and those that were in the South. The Northern Nigeria is largely Islamic and the dwellers there look to the Middle East a lot for sociopolitical direction as opposed to the Southern neighbors who are predominantly Christian. This has seen differences in religion and ideologies in politics mingle with the ethnic-based issues to bring up violence and ever simmering animosity among the neighboring tribes there. The Southern Nigeria is largely populated by the Christians and the sociopolitical influences that control this region are derived from the West and the traditional African beliefs. This extensive Western influence in the South and the Middle East influence in the North creates the wedge between the two regions that transcends boundaries hence the incidences of animosity between the two regions with the latest being the kidnapping of the 200 plus girls into the Boko Haram controlled North and forcing the girls to convert to Islam (Owolade F., 2014). This is more or less the same violent interaction that exists between the Taroh and the Hausa of Wase.

Taroh of Wase and the atrocities against them

The Taroh tribe is found predominantly in Plateau State in the Wase Local Government Area. They are one of the several indigenous residents of this region and the largest tribe in Wase LGA. They were the first to settle in the Wase and established their culture and social beliefs in the region, though at the current time Wase is rich of various cultural backgrounds. Though the state of Plateau state has more than 30 tribes within it, the Taroh are dominant especially in the Wase LGA (News Tower Magazine, 2010).

The Taroh tribe in general, those in Langtang Nort, Langtang South Wase and kanam LGA have been victims of atrocities targeted at them by other predominantly Islamic tribes and the Hausa in particular. There have been human tragedy of unimaginable proportions in Wase LGA and the people with the moral, legal and political obligations in the region that were to prevent it but they never did. However, the greater ill was the twisting of facts and figures of the atrocities over a long period of time that made it hard for the intervening forces to adequately and objectively contribute to the intervention and establishment of peace.

The atrocities against the Taroh people began way back in July 2002 and still goes on to the current time, with well over 88 settlements falling in the hands of the Hausa attackers and being totally decimated. This has seen the death of several people and well over 100,000 people displaced and homeless in their own motherland. The number f people who died from the persistent attacks has been pinned at 5,000 people dead in 2002 alone, these were predominantly Taroh people who were taken unawares in their villages and murdered in brutal manner, some by hacking to death, some shot and others burnt in the houses. The killings have been indiscriminate and children and women have not been spared either, with rape cases reported on women before they are slaughtered. The Taroh women and are made to walk long distances, as far as 70 Kms in pursuit of peace and fleeing from their killers, many of the children getting overwhelmed on the way and dying from starvation and dehydration. The strong young men have bee reported to be enslaved into forced labor and later on killed. The property of the Taroh tribesmen were also looted and destroyed, livestock raided and foodstuffs carried away from the burning villages (Miner C.S., 2002).

In the early 2000s, the attacks and the violence were propagated predominantly on religious grounds when the Wase and Langtang experienced unequaled levels of violence when the Hausa Fulani Muslims marched against the creation of a new LGA whose headquarters would be based in Kadarko. This was after the perception that granting this new state existence, will be a way of expanding the influence of the Christian Taroh tribe over the Muslim Fulahi and Hausa within Wase region yet Kadarko was and still is one of the remaining settlements that is inhabited by Christians (Crowcher R., 2003). Lately though, after the initial attacks in the early 2000s, the attacks on the Taroh tribe has been more on economic basis and it has been widely used to express the dissatisfaction with the economic imbalance. This has occasioned the attacks targeted at the Taroh communities and raids that see the loss of hundred of heads of cattle. The raids have been seen to be conducted using sophisticated weapons that even the security personnel in the region dread, the latest being the June 2013 cattle raid that saw thousands of cattle stolen from the Taroh tribe by the Hausa and Fulani and in the altercation, 20 gunmen were killed but a paltry 500 heads of cattle were recovered from the Hausa Fulani raiders (BBC News Africa, 2013). These kinds of attacks have led to counter attacks that have perpetuated the raids over years making the raids seem like religiously instigated though most of the recent attacks are purely on the basis of recourses and the distribution of the same.

Why the Kadarko Chiefdom is rejected by Hausa

The Kadarko chiefdom had been proposed for a long time but for long been rejected and left pending despite the tensions that it has occasioned within the region for not being recognized officially. In 2012 the chiefdom was again disbanded due to claims of chiefdoms causing the basis for violence in the region and Kadarko was insinuated to be one of those (NigerianISM, 2012). The history of Kadarko Chiefdom dates back to 2004 when it was created with the recommendation of the Emir of Zazzau and confirmed in the Plateau Peace Conference and the conflict that was there before came to an end. However, the creation and existence of the chiefdom has been widely opposed especially by the Hausa and Fulani due to the fact that they felt the creation of the Kardoka Chiefdom will be done by hiving part of their Chiefdoms to create that one a fact that would reduce allocation of resources to the region (Universal Reporters, 2013). Apparently, critics have looked at the opposition of the establishment of the Kardako Chiefdom as an attempt to have lawlessness reign in the region and provide fodder for those who thrive on banditry, cattle rustling and looting since these are activities that ceased when the Chiefdom was established and peace prevailed. The Taroh of Wase are also seen to be generally at a better economic standing than the surrounding tribes. This is due to the rich agricultural sol that is under Taroh in Wase and also the highly valuable and productive copper deposits that are found in the region. Some of the most productive areas in terms of copper are the Gimbi, Jawando and Mavo in Wase LGA. This region is accredited to be the richest region in terms of natural minerals and holds commercially viable mineral levels like the copper deposits, Gypsum, Hard Rock, limestone, calcite strantonite, and Galena (Sterlington Resources, 2014). These rich deposits have been another central cause of conflict and violence especially directed towards the Taroh of Wase LGAwith the guise of sharing out the proceeds of the resources. It also has seen the hostilities that have been directed towards the creation and stability of the Kadarko Chiefdom since the Hausa and Fulani feel that the mineral deposits need to be shared equally among all the tribes surrounding the region and the creation of the Chiefdom would alienate them from the proceeds. However, more worrying is the intention and action of the clandestine groups among the Hausa and Fulani in relation to the proceeds of the minerals mined from the region. The real intention is to use the money exchanged at the mines to finance extremist groups from these two tribes like the Boko Haram who in turn come back to terrorize the Christian community that is predominantly Taroh tribe. The Hausa/Fulani, under the banner of 'Wase Banda Yergam' have been seen to organize to uproot the Taroh of Wase and Langtang. The other factor is the numerical majority of the Taroh tribe in Wase LGA that gives them an upper hand in the elective positions within the region. The Taroh tribe is seen to compose of the majority in this region making up for 66% of the entire population in this region. It is observed that each time the election periods come close and the election time table is released, there are acrimonious events that are witnessed in the region with the intention of excluding the Taroh people from vying for the elective positions by making as many of them displaced and in effect cannot participate in elections nor vie for positions, leading to a situation of taxation without representation.

The role of the traditional units

The traditional units within Wase play a significant role in the handling of the conflicts, and that runs from the Emir or the paramount chief, all the way down to village and ward heads. The high role of upholding peace within the region s fundamentally the jurisdiction of these traditional units both in the Islamic and Christian communities that live in Wase LGA. The Emir is considered the center of power in an Emirate and wielded excessive power. He is assisted by the Emir's advisory Council whom he appointed from among the upper echelons of the society. He is also the only person from the traditional units that is allowed to contribute in policy making at the higher levels and meets regularly with residents apart from attending the Annual Conference of Chiefs in Northern Nigeria. The Emirs in this respect have been seen to be very instrumental in peacemaking and in mediations due to the centrality of his position in the community. They are known to have mediated serious religious conflicts as well as ethnic conflicts.