Cook, "Franklin Roosevelt's Fundamental Intention

¶ … Cook, "Franklin Roosevelt's fundamental intention by the beginning of his second term was to place public administration at the heart of a new American political system" (p. 98). In fact, the New Deal could be said to be the primary catalyst for the development of public administration as we know it today. Virtually all of Roosevelt's reform and reorganization efforts placed public administration at the center of their implementation.

Roosevelt did not invent public administration per se, but he transformed it into a new system that was designed to cater to the needs of the people by being responsive to the social issues that were souring the public on the concept of democracy. He created many new agencies and government authorities such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA),that continue to play extremely significant roles in public administration today.

Thus it could be argued, the greatest hallmark of Roosevelt's influence on public administration was not necessarily the implementation of new public administration agencies, but the longevity of those agencies and their continued influence on society. Cook also points out that the "intents and purposes" of the so-called Third New Deal were the most expressive and influential in terms of their impact on public administration development.

The Third New Deal was a launching pad for Roosevelt's second term and his concentration on fiscal economic policy and reorganization of the executive branch of government, as opposed to the labor and social welfare reforms highlighted in his first term. Works Cited Cook, Brian J. Bureaucracy and Self-Government. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Question 2 O'Toole asserts that the concept of separation of powers arose from dissatisfaction with the status quo, rooted in problems with the patronage system that emphasized the need for administrative reform.

In his article, O'Toole demonstrates how this tension between administration and democracy created the politics-administration dichotomy that resulted in the separation of powers doctrine. As such, a system of checks and balances arose out of a foundation of mistrust. This is not to say that such a system could ever entirely eradicate suspicions of corruption, misdeeds and personal agendas that did not put the people first. However, it helped to create a stronger sense of transparency and, in turn, reassurance, than that which had previously existed.

The 1883 Pendleton Act indicated that appointments should be made "from among those graded highest." It was understood that Congress, in a separation-of-powers system such as the United States, could not unduly limit the president's powers to appoint and remove executive branch officials. Thus, there had to be some discretion allowed to appointing authorities. The 1921 Budgeting and Accounting Act represented the first time the President was required to submit a budget to Congress, thus decreasing his executive power.

The politics-administration dichotomy was rooted in the notion that the power of public administration fell into the hands of those with most permanent status. It was the administrators' responsibility to carry out programs, while value judgments were left to the elected officials. Without value judgments being an integral part of the administrator's duties, the fact that they were determining budget allocations, and deciding which programs to authorize or deny created a paradox that required considerable remedy. Works Cited O'Toole, Jr., Lawrence.

Doctrines and Developments: Separation of Powers, the Politics-Administration Dichotomy and the Rise of the Administrative State. Public Administration Review, 47, 1 (Jan.-Feb. 1987): 17-25. Question 3 All three of the works described by Bertelli and Lynn focus on the separation of responsibility among the branches of government. John Mabry Matthews asserted that "the work of government can be divided into the formulation and execution of public policy" (p. 35). He was a strong advocate of transparent government and believed that public administration should not be treated as an afterthought.

The key elements of Willoughby's Principles of Public Administration, were based on the notion that the government should be run like a corporation, with the President acting as, essentially, the general manager. He complained of a "failure to apply scientific principals" (p. 40) such as those outlined by Taylor, as well as the abundant administrative responsibilities of legislative branch, which he believed should belong to the executive branch. Leonard White's key points centered on the mechanical nature of the executive branch, and the mishandling of power within the Federal government.

He was concerned about the President having too close, and too vested, of an interest in the daily goings on of the other branches. He was additionally troubled by the manner in which responsibilities were distributed. He believed that a balance of power could not be achieved without an equitable distribution of power. His most poignant statement in this regard is "Responsibility of officialdom to legislature and to courts, sometimes to the electorate, is a matter of law..

Responsiveness of officialdom to enacted policies...is not a matter of law but of spirit" (p. 40). Works Cited Bertelli, Anthony and Laurence Lynn. Madison's Managers: Public Administration and the Constitution. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2006. Question 4 I find that the three most important determinants of the new American state, as identified by Skowronek, were the repoliticization of bureaucracy, the issue of a professionalism and new nationalism for the American Army, and the emergence of corporatism. According to Skowronek, by 1920, the party-driven administrative.