Costa Rica Sustainability

¶ … self-Sustainability been in Costa Rica when it comes to the environment and creating jobs. Annotated Bibliography Arriagada, R., Ferraro, P., Sills, E., Pattanayak, S., & Cordero-Sancho, S. (2012). Do Payments for Environmental Services Affect Forest Cover? A Farm-Level Evaluation from Costa Rica. Land Economics, 88(2), 382-399. This article discusses PES or payments for environmental services. PES in the study shows an increase in forest cover from farmers who would ordinarily reduce forest cover to raise crops.

The PES program incorporated with Costa Rican farmers has been the longest running program showing excellent recovery of the natural environment. Blackman, A., & Naranjo, M. (2012). Does Eco-Certification have Environmental Benefits? Organic Coffee in Costa Rica. SSRN Journal, 83, 58-66. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1713888 Eco-certification improves the environmental performance of farmers and is gaining popularity in recent times for coffee crops. The article suggests it could lend to farmers conserving the environment more in order to become and maintain eco-certification.

Along with this, it enables farmers to use farming practices that reduce chemical use. Bollman, M., & Hardy, S. (2012). Evaluating Institutional Performance: Payments for Environmental Services in Costa Rica. Latin American Policy, 3(2), 195-207. doi:10.1111/j.2041-7373.2012.00070.x This article also discusses PES. First, three kinds of transaction expenses (strategic, information, and coordination) a part of implementation of the program are examined, along with the institutional presentation of the PES program.

The authors evaluated the program in accordance with six benchmarks: economic competence, fiscal uniformity, redistributional equity, responsibility, sustainability, and conformance to local values. Burrell, J., & Moodie, E. (2013). Central America in the new millenium [sic]. New York: Berghahn Books. In chapter 12 on page 212, "Certifying sustainable tourism in Costa Rica," writer Luis Vanco discusses the recent developments in Costa Rica. The writer examines sustainable tourism in Costa Rica from the perspective of utilizing the environment. There are a wealth of tourist-friendly destinations attractive because of the condition of the environment.

Chawla, R. (2006). Eco tourism and development. New Delhi: Sumit Enterprises. Eco tourism is a great option for countries that have naturally beautiful and diverse environments. It promotes sustainable practices. It allows indigenous people to learn conservation skills that also promote money and job creation. Coria, J., & Calfucura, E. (2012). Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Ecological Economics, 73, 47-55. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.10.024 Some programs do not allot benefits to the indigenous communities that participate in these environmental programs.

Failure to do so may result from supervision of program resources. This leads to program failure and distrust within the communities. Fletcher, R., & Breitling, J. (2012). Market mechanism or subsidy in disguise? Governing payment for environmental services in Costa Rica. Geoforum, 43(3), 402-411. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.11.008 The authors analyze correspondence between practice and theory in the long running PES program in Costa Rica. The framework of the program consists of market-based, neoliberal conservation.

They believe, failure to generate markets has forced state authorities to interfere in order to support the existence of the program. Hart, K., Gray, T., & Stead, S. (2013). Consumptive vs. non-consumptive use of sea turtles? Stakeholder perceptions about sustainable use in three communities near Cahuita National Park, Costa Rica. Marine Policy, 42, 236-244. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2013.03.008 The article discusses the discernments of consumptive and non-consumptive utilization of sea turtles, how it may play a role on the environment.

They also assessed Residents' acuities of sea turtle and the variations of such perceptions across communities. The important part of the article talks about sustainable management, how it must be adaptive, community-specific and customized in order to see success. Hunt, C., Menke, C., & Durham, W. (2013). Sustainable Development Centered on Human Well-being in Osa.