Constitutional Models and Political Parties
Constitutionalism and noble representative government are concepts and practices that have existed longer than the American Republic. The existence of these concepts provided the foundation for the formation of the American Democratic Experiment through acting as ingredients towards this process. Since the foundation of American Republic, there are various constitutional models that have been established. These different models have been established in attempts to respond to several governance issues that emerge from time to time. Actually, these different models have provided the foundation for governance models and practices for better governance of the society. Some examples of constitutional models include the 18th Century Madisonian and Hamiltonian constitutional models and Barker's normative democratic theory, which differ with regards to their major components.
Madisonian and Hamiltonian Models v. Normative Democratic Theory
The 18th Century constitutional models basically relied on principles introduced by Madison and Hamilton. Madisonian constitutional model emphasized separation of powers and checks and balances while Hamiltonian model emphasized strong, unitary president. In Federalist Papers no. 48-50, James Madison mourned that developing a government and a Constitution to oversee governmental powers is not an adequate protection against intrusions that result in tyrannical concentration of all governmental powers in the same individuals (Garrison, 2008). As a result, he introduced a constitutional model that divided governmental powers between federal and state governments, three arms of national government, and separation of the Legislative Department into two i.e. House of Representatives and Senate (Madison-Federalist 47,48, 51). The accumulation of all powers i.e. executive, legislative and judiciary powers in the same hands may be precisely regarded as the actual definition of tyranny.
On the contrary, Alexander Hamilton's constitutional model emphasized strong unitary president through centralizing the judicial power of the national government. This model was developed on the premise that energy in the executive is a leading attribute or component in defining good government. In essence, a feeble executive contributes to feeble execution of governance-related processes and activities. Hamilton emphasized the need for a strong unitary president on the basis that energy in the executive is important towards safeguarding the community against external attacks and for strong administration of the laws (Hamilton-Federalist, 70).
These constitutional models that dominated governance practices...
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