Wind Turbines
The foundations of wind turbines have an impact on their local environment. Therefore, foundation selection is a primary consideration for developers and wind farm managers. Foundation selection is especially important for offshore wind turbines. The construction of turbine foundations and the use of scour protection materials have been notable impediments to shorebirds, seabirds, and the integrity of shallow water ecosystems including bedrock (Drewitt & Langston, 2006, p. 32). All wind turbines have an impact on birds, though, and the evidence suggesting that offshore wind turbines have a net worse impact on the avian community has been unsubstantiated (Fox et al., 2006). According to a Danish study, no more than two percent of total wind farm area is lost due to the turbine foundations or antiscour protection (Fox et al., 2006). The seabed habitat loss should, however, be monitored over time to provide more an accurate understanding of how foundation construction can be improved to minimize damage. One of the most notable problems with wind turbine environmental impacts is especially related to the foundation construction in both on shore and off shore settings. Madsen, Wahlberg, Tougaard, Lucke & Tyacke (2006) found that the construction of wind turbines for offshore turbine farms was more damaging to marine mammals than their ongoing operation, rendering the construction phase the most detrimental in terms of overall environmental impact.
One of the environmental concerns related to the foundations of wind turbines is...
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