Fire investigation protocols in aircraft accident reporting

Fire

Aircraft Accidents involving fires are quite commonplace and destructive. For this reason there must be special care given to the manner in which these accidents are investigated. The purpose of this discussion is to examine the ways in which fires make the reporting an investigating of accidents problematic in incidents involving aircraft. Indeed, Fire is a deadly factor in accident investigation, whether it be the cause of the accident or a result from the accident, understanding fire chemistry can open up ways to save more lives from fires in aircraft accidents.

Federal Agencies

There are several federal and privates agencies that are charged with investigating aircraft crashes. Theses agencies include the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and Department of Transportation (DOT). All of these organizations serve different roles in insuring that aircraft accidents are properly investigated. They all play varying roles. For instance, the NTSB is responsible for determining the cause of all aviation accidents that occur in the United States. The NTSB is also responsible for determining the cause of all aviation accidents involving public-use aircraft accidents. In addition,

"The NTSB is responsible for maintaining the government's database of civil aviation accidents and also conducts special studies of transportation safety issues of national significance. The NTSB provides investigators to serve as U.S.

Accredited Representatives as specified in international treaties for aviation accidents overseas involving U.S.-registered aircraft, or involving aircraft or major components of U.S. manufacture ("History and Mission")."

The FAA is responsible for ensuring that aircraft is following the appropriate safety standards in an effort to avoid crashes. The NFPA exist to provide guidelines for fire and explosion investigations. These guideline are used by facilities that train individuals that investigate aircraft accidents involving fire and explosions. All of these organizations work together in tandem to ensure that aircrafts are as safe as possible and that when accidents do occur they are properly investigated. The ability to investigate aircraft accidents appropriate is important because it teaches engineers, instructors and the Aviation industry how to better design airplanes so that accidents can be avoided in the future.

Accident Reports

After an aircraft incident has taken place, investigators have a limited time period to compile a report. The time frame is needed because all of the aforementioned organizations want to make certain that the crash was not caused by a particular default in the plane that crashed. If a particular model is defective this information needs to be made public as quickly as possible so that those particular models can be grounded. Indeed the investigative teem has a unique responsibility. According to "The mission of the investigative team is to produce an interim report within four to eight weeks that will be sent to all the interested parties for their comments.

Safety recommendations are always given priority, so that any changes can be put into place as soon as possible. A final report will appear some time after the investigation and will be published on the website of the investigative organization. This final report includes all the factual information collected in the course of the investigation, an analysis of the information, and a conclusion which

gives the cause of the accident or incident and any safety recommendations arising ("Aircraft Accident Investigations") ."

In addition to the analysis of the flight data recorders in audio laboratories, there are also many other elements involved in determining what occurred before during and after a plane crash. An article entitled "Aircraft Accident Investigations" the black box data is the examined in tandem with other pieces of evidence. This additional evidence includes wreckage analysis, ground-based radar recorders, and eye-witness reports ("Aircraft Accident Investigations" ). Additionally, investigators use technology to produce advanced computer graphics ("Aircraft Accident Investigations" ). These graphics are then used to reconstruct the sequence of events associated with the aircraft accident ("Aircraft Accident Investigations" ).

It is obvious that there are many elements that are needed to ensure that the proper report is produced. However many of these elements can be destroyed if the plan explodes are catches on fire. Because this is the case, a certain amount of knowledge about fire is needed.

Air Craft Fires and Fire Chemistry

Air Craft fires are common particularly after crashes. The likelihood of a fire occurring after a crash can greatly impact the manner in which the fire is investigated. For this reason special training is needed for those who investigate aircraft crashes. According to the Southern California Safety Institute there are several scenarios in which fires can occur. The institute explains

"Fire can either be a cause of an aircraft accident or incident or result from it.

Fires occur in engines, engine bays, cabins, cargo holds, wheel wells and fuel tanks. Despite the fact that in-flight fire events are relatively rare, post-impact fires are not. Even when there is no evidence of an in-flight fire or reason to suspect one, the post impact fire can destroy a lot of evidence related to aircraft systems and structure. For this reason, some knowledge of how materials behave in the presence of fire is useful to the aircraft accident investigator ("Fire and Explosion Investigation")."

This statement is evidence that investigators will have a greater capacity to investigate aircraft crashes if they understand certain factors.

The most elementary factor that these individual understand is the chemistry of fire.

The Chemistry of Fire

The picture on the left depicts the three elements that fire is compose of. According to the USDA Fire Service fire is synonymous with combustion. Combustion can be defined as "a rapid oxidation that is accompanied by high temperature and usually light ("The Role of Chemistry in Fire Management")." Oxidation is a chemical reaction that occurs when substances are combined with oxygen. Oxidation creates a great deal of energy.("The Role of Chemistry in Fire Management")

There are different types of fires that can occur, but all are composed of the aforementioned elements. The type of fire that occurs is heavily dependent on the type of fuel that is involved. A fire involving oil may have a different intensity than a fire in which the fuel is wood. For the purpose of this discussion we will concentrate on fire that involve jet fuel, electricity and the fuselage because these are types of fires that often occur with airplane incidents.

According to Popular Mechanics Jet fuel burns at 800° to 1500°F temperatures this high do a great deal of damage. When an airplane catches on fire and jet fuel is the catalyst, the amount of time that the plane and the object around it will burn is dependent on many different factors. One of the primary factors is the amount of fuel that is still contained on the plane. For instance a jet that is taking a transatlantic flight will have more jet fuel than a regional flight. Investigators would need to know this type of information so that they can estimate how much time it might take for the fuel to burn off or the types of measures that need to be taken to extinguish the fire.

Investigations can also be effected by the presence of cabin fires. According to Improved Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors: A Proceedings, (1995) post crash Cabin fires have been extensively researched. A great deal of this research has occurred in an attempt to make the cabin safer so that if a fire does start in the cabin people can still survive the crash. In many cases people survive the initial impact but they die in the post-crash fire. In an effort to stop this from occurring studies of the materials present in the cabin and the rate at which they burn have been studied and materials that are more fire resistant.

Cabin fires can also reveal a great deal about how a crash occurred or what might have triggered the crash. For instance investigators can teall whether or not a fire statted in a cabin before the crash or of if the cabin fire began after the crash. This can be determined by evaluating the temperature and the degree of burning that has occurred. If an investigator can determine where the fire started, he may also be able to tell why it started and whether or it occurred because of pilot error, mechanical failure or some other type of defect.

Overall is appears that have a real knowledge of fire chemistry and the causes of fires as it pertains to aircrafts is useful in determining how a crash occurred. In addition, when professionals know how cabin fires start they can do more to prevent them from happening. In addition, this knowledge with allow airlines to better instruct passengers as it relates to how they can escape in cases there is a cabin fire.

What Investigators need to know

As a result of the damage that can be done to evidence as a result of a fire, there are certain factors that investigators must learn and take into consideration in determining the cause of a crash. According to an article entitled "Fire and Explosion Investigation"

Investigators must understand fire chemistry and fire investigation procedures. Investigators must also learn the following;

Types of fire evidence and how to identify the evidence.

Common patterns and behaviors of fire within the context of aviation.

The procedure of recognizing and investigating explosions.

Normal airport fire response and suppression skills

How and where to get technical fire investigation assistance

Utilize case studies and practical exercises to strengthen and demonstrate the kills obtained by training.

Attribute of Aircraft Fluids and Materials.

Identifying in-flight and post-impact fire evidence.

Aircraft Fire Investigation Techniques

Examination of explosions

All of these skills are essential to having the competency necessary to properly investigate airplane crashes. It is important to note that investigators have to attend school where they are taught all of the aforementioned principles. These investigators also have to receive the correct certifications before they are allowed to investigate crash sites.

Conclusion

The purpose of this discussion was to examine the ways in which fires make the reporting an investigating of accidents problematic in incidents involving aircraft. The research indicates that many crashes are likely to end in fire. As a result there must be a concerted effort to understand the chemistry of fires so that crashed sites can be reconstructed in a way that will reveal why the accident occurred.

Understanding fire chemistry is also important because it can assist engineers in creating airplanes that are safer. In addition, airlines will have the ability to better inform passengers as it pertains to getting out of the plane safely if a fire does occur. In the long run this may save many lives. In fact such knowledge has already saved many lives.

several federal and privates agencies are responsible for investigating aircraft crashes. Theses agencies include the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and Department of Transportation (DOT). Though these organizations serve different roles they all work together to ensure that investigations are handled appropriately.

The research is clear that understanding fire chemistry serves an important role in understanding why aircraft accidents occur. Without such knowledge investigators will have difficulty identifying the cause of aircraft accidents. Overall, the research indicates that fire is a deadly factor in accident investigation, whether it be the cause of the accident or a result from the accident, understanding fire chemistry can open up ways to save more lives from fires in aircraft accidents.