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These flows also tend to be concentrated within the core which is more evidence of "regionalization, triadization or internationalization" not globalization (Hay and Marsh 2000, p.9).
The cultural dimension of globalization theory accepts many of the positions of the economic theories, however it places greater emphasis on "values, ideas and identities" (Flynn 2007, Befu 2003 p.4) The major plank for the cultural theorist is that globalization is really an expansion of western ideals through the rest of the world (Flynn 2007). In contrast to economic theorist they view political power as vested in the civil society rather than state structures and emphasize the "meaningful and interpretative aspects of social life"(Holton, 1998:15). Global capitalism reveres the dominance of capital and economic forces, while global polity is concerned with the role of values and culture. Both positions have received criticism and some of their essential propositions challenged. This however, demonstrates the multifaceted nature of globalization and the need to have continued theoretical advances in this arena.
World polity theory is framed along those lines; its particular focus is on other transnational actors like INGOs, who act independently of powerful states or transnational corporation. These actors produce and spread global values that influence states and other transnational actors. World polity theorists concur with global capitalist that the nation state is weakening as global entities become stronger. However, for them development, which is development of ideas, has been "decentralized to substate groups and organizations" (Flynn 2003, p. 10).
A major critique of this work is that it is a highly cognitive view of globalization and is not sufficiently anchored in observable reality. Secondly the variations in inequality are not adequately explained, because it views power and inequality as homogenous. Beckfield (2003), posits that while INGO's are in fact a third force participation in the world polity is still linked to income levels.
References
Befu, H. 2003, 'Globalization theory from the bottom up: Japan's contribution', Japanese Studies, Vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 3-22
Faulks, K, 2000, Political sociology: A critical review, New York University Press:
New York.
Flynn, M, 2007, Theories of globalization and conceptions of the state. In Conference Papers of American Sociological Association; Annual Meeting, pp.1-19.
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