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¶ … Classical conditioning for instance is defined as a "simple form of associative learning that enables organisms to anticipate events" while Operant Conditioning is defined as learning to do/not do actions as a result of being conditioned to know what consequences to expect of the said actions. The chapter looks at the contributions of B. F. Skinner to the field work of conditioning, reinforcements and punishments used in conditioning, different methods of reinforcement (fixed-interval schedule versus variable-interval schedule). Chapter touches on the effects of violence in media on aggression of subjects watching, indicates that there is a circular relationship between media violence and aggression in persons who watch.
Chapter 6 examines the subject of memory, the three stages of memory according to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model (sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory). Information processing theory describes how sensory memory impacts working memory which in turn impacts and is then impacted by long-term memory. Types of long-term memory are explained: procedural knowledge (demonstrated during the performance of a task), declarative knowledge (verbal info, ideas, facts), and the relationship between working memory and long-term memory via rote learning, elaboration, priming, and reconstruction. Types of processing are discussed (bottom-up versus top-bottom)....
Obstacles to memory are examined (repression, interference, forgetting) and the return of memories as well -- flashbulb and recovered memories.
Chapter 7 discusses the way we think, speak and use our intelligence. Intelligence is defined as the ability to know and understand the world and overcome the obstacles it presents. Intelligence is thus associated with achievement. Howard Gardner asserts that there are a number of various types of intelligence; for example, emotional intelligence is one type -- the ability to read and process emotions. Factors that affect intelligence include, genetics, environment, home life/school life, health, socioeconomic status. Crystallized intelligence (formed over a long time) is compared with fluid intelligence (not automatic, basic reasoning processes). Visual-spatial processing (the ability to see visual patterns and stimuli and respond accordingly) is examined, along with auditory processing (hearing patterns). Gardner's 8 intelligences include the analytic, introspective and interactive branches.
Chapter 8 examines motivation and emotion. Intrinsic and extrinsic motivators are discussed (inner and external). Incentives vs. self-actualization as motivators are compared. Maslow's hierarchy of needs presents a system of motivators that begins with basic needs being meet first then up to self-esteem, intellectual…
In the end of the nineteenth century, research experiments were carried out on memory. In this period, the memory dominated by the symbol of evolutionary development in nature. In nineteenth century, many new technologies were developed such as radiography, photography and cinema cameras to recall and preserve memory. "Memorializing the achievements of individuals considered as members of families is the earliest popular use of photography" (Sontag, 2001, p. 43). These
Motivation in Sport Take a look at the animal world and you will find the proof that game is an inherent feature of the virtually evaluated species. This has an important part in literacy and evolution. We witness many a mock fights between kittens and pups so as to enhance their stamina, speed, tolerance and will. Through such hatred free games, they rub their hands for survival and satisfy their urge
Motivation Theories and Emotions Motivation Theory Fear Extrinsic Motivation The theory of intrinsic and extrinsic motives helps explain the presence of fear in motivation. An activity is intrinsically motivating if a person does it voluntarily, without receiving payment or other type of reward. An activity is extrinsically motivated if it is performed primarily for external reinforcement such as food or money. Extrinsic motivation is based on the emotions of desire and fear. First, there is a
Motivation in Behavior a) What does Tolman's theory of animal learning tell us about the motivation for human learning? Unlike John Watson, B.F. Skinner and the other strict behaviorists, or the Russian physiologists like Ivan Pavlov, Edward C. Tolman argued that the behaviorist theory that learning was a matter of stimulus-response (S-R) and positive and negative reinforcement was highly simplistic. Although he rejected introspective methods and metaphysics, he increasingly moved away from
... led me to suggest, as an alternative to assimilation, the value of being asimilao. IV. Reminders to Help Kim & Lyons (2003) report that games can be successfully used to instill and enhance individuals' abilities to succeed in a multicultural firm. Game playing possesses numerous characteristics which could enhance the learning of competencies areas of skills, attitudes and beliefs, and knowledge. Games which include low-risk potential can increase a sense of
Diverse Nature of Psychology The human mind is an incredibly complex tool. How it actually thinks and behaves is not always based on a single example, and thus there are clear elements of diversity within theoretical assumptions on how the mind works. Diversity is a crucial element to modern psychology and its various sub-categories. Modern psychology is heavily influenced by the extreme diversity found within its core concepts. There are a