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Naval Disarmament: Versailles and Naval Treaties
Washington Naval Treaty is popular known as Five-Power Treaty. This was the treaty involving major nations after winning World War I. The terms and conditions of the treaty included making efforts towards preventing arms race through control and limitation on naval construction. The negotiations at the Washington Naval Conference held between 1921 and 1922 led to the signing of an agreement between governments of Japan, the United Kingdom, the United States, Italy, and France. The focus also limited the overall construction of battleships, aircraft carriers, and battle cruisers from the signatories. The scope of other warship categories such as cruisers, destroyers, and submarines, were not put on a leash by the treaty. However, they were narrowed down to 10,000 tons in displacement. The following treaties included the number of limitation conferences for naval arms, which sought to continue increasing warship-building limitations.
The Washington treaty terms were modified through the London Naval Treaty developed in 1930 as well as Second London Naval Treaty in 1936. In the 1930s, Italy and Japan renounced the treaties and made naval arms limitation a grandaunt of an untenable position where other signatories remained.
After World War I, the United Kingdom's navy emerged as the largest and most powerful in the world followed by that of United States and Japan. The nations were allied for purposes of World War I although naval arms race appeared to be a possibility in next few years. The arms race started in the U.S. The administration of President Woodrow Wilson announced more successive plans for expanding the U.S. Navy between 1916 and 1919 that resulted in massive fleets of modern battleships. During the time, there was an engagement of building more battleships and battle cruisers. While responding to this, Japanese parliament authorized construction of...
The British Naval Estimates of 1921 planned to establish and maintain four battle cruisers and four battleships followed by other battleships in the subsequent year.
In the initial plenary session of 1921, Charles Evans Hughes, the U.S. Secretary of State availed the proposals by United States. Hughes presented dramatic start for the conference through making controversial statements geared towards disarming through active disarmament. The ambitious goal attracted enthusiastic public endorsement while shortening the conference helped in ensuring that United States' proposals were adopted. Other terms proposed included a ten-year holiday or "pause" for construction of more capital ships (battlecruisers and battleships) such as immediate suspension of capital ship building. The conference proposed scrapping of planned or existing, capital ships with the aim of giving preference to the U.S., Japan, and Italy higher tonnage allowance ratio over Britain and France. The ongoing capital ship tonnage limits were advanced to secondary capacity vessels of the 5:5:3 ratios.
The Treaty limited both the construction and tonnage of aircraft carriers and capital ships while the controls stretched to the size of a single ship. The tonnage limitations established in Articles VII and IV of the treaty gave strength ratios of 5: 5: 1.75: 3: 1.75 among the United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy approximately. In addition, capital ships (battlecruisers and battleships) controlled the qualitative limits for each ship. This was limited to a standard displacement of 35,000 tons although holding…
Reference List
1. Cortright, David. Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
2. Folly, Martin., and Palmer, Niall. Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from World War I through World War II. New York: Scarecrow Press, 2010.
3. Madsen, Chris. The Royal Navy and German Naval Disarmament, 1942-1947. New York: Taylor & Francis, 1998.
4. Papastratigakis, Nicholas. Russian Imperialism and Naval Power: Military Strategy and the Build-Up to the Russo-Japanese War. New York: I.B.Tauris, 2011.
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