The Lack of Freedoms and Limited Opportunities for American Women and Slaves from 1492 to 1867 Today, citizens in the United States enjoy universal suffrage and equality under the law pursuant to the 14th Amendment to the Bill of Rights, but things have not always been so rosy for marginalized populations such as women and blacks. Indeed, despite claims to the contrary, most residents and observers’ of the United States would argue that many women and African-Americans remain disenfranchised from mainstream political thought today. The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical and systematic discussion concerning the profound lack of freedoms and limited opportunities that were available to women and enslaved Africans during the period from 1492 through 1867 and how these opportunities slowly expanded over the years. Finally, a summary of the research and key findings concerning these two groups of Americans are presented in the conclusion.

Review and Discussion

Both women and African Americans suffered many struggles and were slow to achieve their eventual goals of equal rights. While the achievement of equal status for women and enslaved African Americans did not occur prior to the Civil War, the efforts were tireless and a significant part of America’s development. Indeed, even during America’s early years, the struggle for women’s rights was already well underway. While many of the first male settlers to America were in search of wealth, others brought their wives and families intending to start new lives in this land of limitless opportunities.

Although some historians argue that the Women’s Rights Movement began with the First Women’s Rights Convention at Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, Mallett (2007) emphasizes that, “I believe the [Women’s Rights] movement began long before that. In fact, I believe it began the moment Mary Chilton set foot on Plymouth Rock” (para. 2). According to Seelye (1998), Mary Chilton was among the first Europeans to set foot on Plymouth Rock. In this regard, Seelye advises that, “There is a tradition, as to the first person who first leaped upon this rock, when the families came to shore: it is said to have been a young woman, Mary Chilton" (p. 384).

Notwithstanding the early presence of European women in America and the overarching goals of the first settlers in creating a truly egalitarian society, women would remain on the fringes of society in terms of their basic rights...

In fact, one historian emphasizes that, “Ideas about democracy and equality lived and grew in the English colonies from the very beginning, although these ideas seldom applied to women, African Americans, and Native Americans” (A new world, 2018, para. 3).
The fundamental lack of rights for women during the early years of the United States compelled Abigail Adams to write to her husband, John Adams on March 31, 1776 to encourage him and the other Founding Fathers to remedy this situation. For example, Abigail wrote that, “[I]n the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands. Remember, all men would be tyrants if they could.”

Indeed, Abigail Adams made it clear in this correspondence that the same constraints that prompted the American Revolution were equally applicable to women’s rights such as taxation without representation. As Abigail Adams concludes, “If particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation.” Of course, American women did remain bound by the laws of the land and it was not until August 18, 1920 that the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteed women the right to vote and hold public office. Prior to this landmark event, society’s expectations for American women included their being the guardians of virtue and the spiritual heads of the home, and they were expected to be pious, pure, submissive, and domestic, and to pass these virtues on to their children.

The path to women’s suffrage in the early 20th century gained momentum during the Second Great Awakening in the early 19th century “when evangelical Christians launched temperance, abolitionist, and other reform movements, culminating in the Civil War” (Bailey, 2008, p. 32). During the Second Great Awakening, growing numbers of American women attended seminaries and academic programs to become educators and others engaged in activism by using their right to petition grievances to the…