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¶ … internal validity and external validity are important when designing, implementing, and reviewing empirical research. Internal validity refers to the design of the research and its methodology. Issues like sampling, statistical analyses, robustness of the variables, survey instruments, and researcher bias can impact internal validity. With regards to my research question, internal validity is of the utmost importance. The independent variables in this case include two different types of interventions: bloodless cardiac surgeries and blood transfusions. However, it is important to operationalize these two independent variables so that the researchers are clear on what exactly constitutes a bloodless surgery and a blood transfusion. Moreover, issues like hospital setting must be taken into account as a potentially confounding variable. When, where, and how these procedures are implemented can all have a bearing on the internal validity of the research design.
Likewise, the dependent variables are morbidity and mortality in patients. It is critical to identify the target patient population, and to define mortality and morbidity. For example, it must be established that any morbidity or mortality measured were linked to the independent variables and not to some other factor. How well the researchers keep the variables tight, linking only the independent to the...
The research has no validity if it is not useful for practice. Therefore, there must be a high level of generalizability. A small patient population can interfere with external validity because it is not possible to generalize a study on only a few subjects. Similarly, the ethnicities, ages, and genders of the population sample impacts external validity. The researcher cannot extrapolate the results to the general population when only a particular population type was being sampled. There are other elements that can influence external validity, such as hospital setting and environmental factors.
Whitson, Huddleston, Savik & Shumway (2007) and Whitson, Huddleston, Savik & Shumway (2010) offer quantitative research that is both internally and externally valid. These studies operationalize the definitions of both the independent and dependent variables, so that future research can be replicated. Also, the researchers controlled the sample and the environments in which the research studies took place. By tightening the research, internal validity is ensured. Peer-reviewed journal articles such as this depend on a high degree of internal validity, without which the research could be considered invalid for application. The external validity in these…
References
"Internal Validity," (n.d.). Retrieved online: http://www.indiana.edu/~p1013447/dictionary/int_val.htm
Osborn, D.R. (n.d.). External validity. Retrieved online: http://cas.bellarmine.edu/Osborn/hypertut_piv/external_validity_is_concerned_w.htm
Shander, A., Moskowitz, D. & Rijhwani, T.S. (2005). The safety and efficacy of 'bloodless' cardiac surgery. Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 9(1).
Whitson, B.A., Huddleston, S.J., Savik, K. & Shumway, S.J. (2007). Bloodless cardiac surgery is associated with decreased morbidity and mortality. Journal of Cardiac Surgery 22(5): 373-8.
bias, internal validity, external validity, and reliability. There are several important issues with the research conducted by this anonymous female student that impacts the reliability and validity of her findings. Firstly, it appears that the researcher formulated her hypothesis before she had gathered all the facts available regarding the topic which is a major issue. She has an opinion that lower income people vote less than those with higher incomes
The government should have ultimate powers on the control of handguns, and possession of firearms made illegal to avoid massacres. If the U.S. had stringent Laws on firearms, the school massacres would not be happening. It is time for the U.S. To accept that the gun laws need immediate reform because of the recurring school mass killing and the ludicrous gun legislation (Blair, 1999). There are many ways on how
As shown in Appendix 2 these report gives a complete and detailed picture of candidate's personality type, classifying him to one of five main types: A-director, B - socializer, motivator, people person, C - thinker, analytic, D - supporter, X which means that personality has two types synergized. Interviewing as the most used employee screening skill Another very effective method of prospective employee evaluation is evaluation interview. Evaluation interview was a theme
This may occur when populations show wide variations in their responses to particular hypotheses, which are in violation of the expected response. Construct validity may be compromised when alternative correspondences are achieved between a construct and an unexpected concept found within the actual environment being studied. In other words, when the construct does not correspond with the original hypothesis, its validity would be compromised. In cloud computing and determining inside threats,
External vs. The Internal View in Neo-Confucian Thought Since the beginning of time, philosophers have made a living looking at how people conduct themselves and trying to make sense of it. Sometimes the philosopher will devise a theory about how the human world works by looking inside themselves and trying to determine the answer, and other times they will observe what people actually do and make comments based on that.
Validity in research is a term that refers to the extent with which researchers are confident that they have determined causal relationships through the cause and effect they identify in their study. As a result, validity is an important aspect of research since it helps in determining whether the research design is flawed and the credibility of research findings. There are various kinds of validity that are utilized in determining