Maslow gave them that self-meaning and appreciation and became one of the pioneers of a movement that brought the focus of individual feeling, yearning and wholeness into psychology. He sort of read them out and spoke their thoughts, feelings and aspirations for them. He devoted much energy to humanistic psychology and the human potential and inaugurated the "fourth force" in psychology towards the end of his life. The first force consisted of Freud and other depth psychologists; the second force, the behaviorists; his own humanism and European existentialism, the third. This fourth force was made up of transpersonal psychologies that derived from European philosophies, which examined meditation, higher consciousness levels and para-psychological phenomena and which reacted against the then dominant psychoanalysis and behaviorism schools of the 20th century. Among the most prominent European philosophers were Kierkegaard, Husserl and Heidegger and the most prominent in the humanist/existential group were Carl Rogers, Maslow and Rollo May. Humanist/existentialist psychologists rejected Freud's deterministic position and the individual behavior's lack of ability to deal with his own nature (Boeree) and instead placed prime focused on human psychology and human factors, such as choice, responsibility, freedom and the meanings in human life (Boeree). In handling neurosis and other mental or psychological disorders, the person must be viewed according to the level of fulfillment of his or her needs in the four or five categories. His or her behavior should be viewed mechanically, as driven by inner psychological forces, programmed external circumstances or reinforcements, or certain genetic structures, but as the result of choice and the meanings created from the choices made.
According to Maslow's humanist/existentialist model, understanding and enhancing the development of the individual provide the key to his or her personal health, which can and will emerge if nothing in the family or society thwarts this inner unfolding in a free, unique and healthy direction (Beneckson). If and when this happens, the person achieves self-actualization, which Maslow and other humanistic personality theorists agree is the goal of healthy human development. The goal of counseling, therefore, is to help the individual receiving it to actualize himself or herself, since self-actualization is itself a need and the highest kind (Beneckson, Simone et al. 1987). The human organism constantly moves in that direction of fulfilling or actualizing itself, but stark realities in life get on the way of its progress, needs are unmet and obstructions occur until they are taken out. The meeting of needs or the elimination of these snags and snarls becomes the basic motivation behind every act of the organism (Beneckson).
His initial concept focused on only one growth need, which is self-actualization, which is premised on the fulfillment or satisfaction of all the needs in earlier and lower stages of personality development. He first assumed that self-actualizers are problem-focused, possess a fresh appreciation of life, are concerned with personal growth and have or are capable of peak experiences (Huitt 2004). But he later modified his concept of growth need for self-actualization by identifying two lower-level growth needs that must be met before achieving self-actualization (Maslow and Lowery 1998 as qtd in Huitt) and one after or beyond it. The two categories of need before self-actualization are those of knowledge and aesthetics, while the category beyond self-actualization is self-transcendence. The needs to know, understand and explore are cognitive; aesthetic needs are for order, beauty and symmetry; and the need for self-transcendence aspires to connect beyond the self and help others fulfill themselves and realize their own potentials too (Huitt). Notice that cognitive needs present themselves only after the four earlier categories or levels of needs are adequately met but before the need for self-actualization is confronted or apprehended. In his renewed version, Maslow suggested that, in the process of actualizing and transcending oneself, a person acquires knowledge and becomes wise in the choices to be made in a variety of situations or problems.
Other thinkers and observers believed that Maslow's concept of the highest levels of self-actualization as transcendent in nature is his most important contribution to the science and study of human behavior and motivation (Daniels 2001 as qtd in Huitt 2004). They also suggested that Maslow's famous hierarchy of needs reflects all the kinds of information a person seeks at different levels of development (Norwood 1999 as qtd in Huitt). Maslow's cognitive model helps an individual with unmet needs in the...
Maslow's Hiercarhy Needs Describe Hierarcy Needs developed Abraham Maslow (350-400 words) -Critically Evaluate Maslow's Model terms Contribution development a balanced lifestyle individuals comparing Freud's Perspective 2) - This paragraph considers effective / ineffective Model helping individual develop a balanced lifestyle -Also perspectives thought ( 350-400) - Referencing text applicable, Havard Referencing end. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow devised the Hierarchy of Needs with the purpose of providing the general public with a
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They need to belong to a secure community and they need to be loved following the terror of Syrian attacks on them. Where esteem needs would be met before belonging and love: a young man becomes a professional baseball player and is placed by the Dodgers in a "Rookie League." He is alone, has no family near and knows very few team members; but if he is good enough to
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