Primary Sources
Test scores of ESL students taken over a pre-determined period, as noted by the parameters of the assessment
ESL Teacher surveys, conducted thrice over the course of the study, pre-intervention, during intervention, and post-intervention
Direct observation in the classroom of ESL students: types of information that are recorded include, body language of students (whether they are attentive or inattentive -- body language is described in qualitative terms, such as slouching, straight-backed, eyes focused, eyes unfocused, whether there is note taking, whether the student is reacting to the what the teacher says, whether there is obedience/understanding on the child's part, whether the face expresses confusion, frustration, whether the student asks questions or whether there are any obstacles to learning or challenges in the student's overall deportment that may be considered extraneous factors -- such as the student's makeup, attire, whether the student appears neat and tidy or disheveled and poorly groomed) (Creswell, 2007).
Interviews with ESL practitioners (this is distinct from a survey; surveys can give quantitative data for analysis but interviews especially when open-ended questions are used can give more in-depth responses that are useful especially in acquiring qualitative data for analysis). Interviews will be conducted thrice -- pre-intervention, during intervention, and post-intervention (Merriam, 2002).
Historical...
..control the environment by implementing a logical system (the teacher's, of course) of conditioning." (Tauber, 1999, p. 19) in this context the teacher is seen as an "interventionist" in that he or she has to control and dictate the learning and behavioral environment. "By accepting a position as a teacher, a person has not only the right but an 'obligation' to modify student behavior" (Axelrod, 1977, p. 158). In essence
According to Bales, 1999, the concept behind SYMLOG is that "every act of behavior takes place in a larger context, that it is a part of an interactive field of influences." Further, "the approach assumes that one needs to understand the larger context -- person, interpersonal, group, and external situation -- in order to understand the patterns of behavior and to influence them successfully." With SYMLOG, measurement procedures are
Good researchers tend to pull methods out of a tool kit as they are needed" (2006, p. 54). Notwithstanding these criticisms and constraints, though, most social researchers seem to agree that classification by some type of research paradigm is a useful approach based on the need to determine which approach is best suited for a given research enterprise. In this regard, Corby concludes that, "The contested nature of research
Educational Assessment Methods and Standards Participants Scoring Key Letter to Principal Principal's Questionnaire Teacher's Questionnaire Raw Data It is widely known that testing and assessment have become critical components and indicators for success in today's educational system. This process is widely considered as a feasible means to improve student success and achievement as well as educational outcomes and future potential in educational pursuits and the workforce for millions of students with widely varying levels of skill and
There were some interesting results in the answers obtained. First, all six participants were between the ages of 15 and 18 and 100% of them had started studying the English language in grade 5 at home in Iraq. Another observation is that 80% of the Iraqi students reported that they were a full grade level below in Australia; the remaining 20% were two grade levels behind his or her
The more that your questions are descriptive or explanatory the more that the case study method will be relevant; How should I select the case to be studied?": According to Yin: "you need sufficient access to the potential data, whether involving people to be interviewed documents or records to be reviewed, or observations to be made in the 'field'. Given such access to more than a single candidate, you should
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