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This freedom included interpreting the haditha into sharia, or Islamic law, but in the tenth century Sunni leaders declared the gates of knowledge closed, and the sharia complete. The Arabic empire still flourished, however, despite the persecution of various heresies including the mystical branch of Islam, Sufism. Strangely, religious tolerance was also ostensibly part of Muslim belief and practice in government, but apparently this did not extend to warping or blaspheming the Muslim religion itself. The Arab empire was eventually overrun by Mongols, but instead of ending Islamic rule this actually extended and complicated it.
The Mongols actually converted to Islam within decades of their entrance into Muslim territories, and political thinking that allowed one Muslim to kill another person claiming to be a Muslim was developed by a Muslim resistance leader....
Muslim leaders -- all Muslims, in fact -- should try to implement sharia, but the Mongols were not doing so, so their claim to be Muslims could be considered false. This logic is still used today in regards to many Muslim leaders by fundamentalists. In general, however, Muslim leaders since the time of Muhammad's death have reigned in the Middle East with a large degree of tolerance and acceptance. The image of Muslim leaders in the modern era that is often propagated in the West as despotic and theocratic seems unfair given a longer view of history. In fact, for their time period, it seems as though Muslim governments and leaders offered more freedom than many of the Christian and secular governments that existed around the same time. There was also a major emphasis on militarism within Muslim culture, often extending from the leaders, but this was also true of many other peoples.
Muhammad Ali in Egypt and the Influence of Napoleon Services and Mission of Muhammad Ali Pasha Reforms under the Regime of Muhammad Ali Pasha Societal Reforms Education Reforms Westernization Economic Reforms Agricultural Reforms Political Reforms Political Reforms Economic Strengthening Activities to Make Egypt Self Sufficient Muhammad Ali the Father of Modern Egypt AFU Armed Forces Union CGS Chief of the General Staff CUP the Committee of Union and Progress Dev-Sol Revolutionary Left Dev-Yol Revolutionary Way D-SK Confederation of Unions of Revolutionary Workers DP Democrat Party EEC or EC European
According to Usman, "The true strength of the Muslim Brotherhood lay not so much in its ideology as in the energy, devotion, and ruthlessness of its leaders. In its early years the Muslim Brotherhood maintained an active program of social welfare and agricultural cooperatives; in its later years it became more militant" (1680). The original goal of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt was focused on reshaping society into one
Jesus & Muhammad Jesus and Muhammad: Similarities and Differences in the Lives of Two of History's Most Extraordinary Men The power of religion is unmatched by any other philosophy. Religion has been utilized throughout history to unite or divide entire populations, to attain political prestige or financial power, and to subjugate society by often thwarting scientific reasoning. Yet, for many, religion has also provided guidance in times of turmoil and a sense of
" Relgious leaders worried about loss of power and income ("Biography of Mohammed," 2005). This is an interesting parallel to Jesus' life, because Jesus also worried the religious leaders of his time for similar reasons (Wikipedia, 2000). Mohammed and Abu Talib fled Mecca, and his uncle hid him in a fortified castle away from the city. Within ten to fifteen years (accounts vary), Mohammed moved to the city of Medina, where
The Shi'is also believe in martyrdom, Hussayn's intended and benevolent sacrifice being their way to salvation just as Jesus' is for the Christians. The Shi'is believe that God's words were brought to the world only by means of the Prophet and his inheritors, the twelve divinely inspired Imams, starting with Ali. The last one will reveal himself at the end of the world to bring justice in a world
Finally some sects command their followers to perform ziyara, or what they consider to be minor pilgrimages, to the tombs of Imams in addition to the pilgramage to Mecca ("Shiism," 2005). While recognizing the two Islamic holidays Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha, Shi'ites incorporated additional festivals into their system, some of which will be described here. The first major festival is the Festival of Muharram and Ashura, in which Shi'ites observe the