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The guidelines primary apply to the disease strain acquired in the U.S. And do not tackle the diagnostic evaluation of the disease. They recommended oral and parenteral therapies according to a timetable. Doxycycline or amoxicillin, cefotaxime or penicillin would be prescribed. The guidelines warned against the use of first-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and benzathene penicillin.
Greater Recovery Among Children 1995. Late-stage neuropsychiatric lyme borreliosis differential diagnosis and treatment. Psychosomatics. 36:295-300. Available from http://www.wadhurst.demon.co.uk/lyme/lyme101.htm
Studies conducted on 177 children treated for Lyme neuroborreliosis in an endemic area in Sweden showed that 117 of them recovered complete in two months.
The children exhibited fatigue, facial nerve palsy, loss of appetite and fever as symptoms. Antibiotics were given to 69% of the children. At 2 months, 117 of them recovered completely. At 6 months, 140 of the remaining also recovered. None reported progressive or recurring symptoms.
Vaccine
The vaccine Lymerix has been proven to be effective in 76% of individuals who received it according to a recommended schedule.
Its side effects were reported to be minimal, consisting of three days of arthralgias and myalgias and sores in 25% of them on the injection site. The American Committee on Immunization Practices of the Centers for Disease Control said that it should be administered in endemic and high-risk areas for ticks. The vaccine would be more cost-effective in those areas.
One study revealed a 1%+ of $53,100 ratio per quality-adjusted life saved with the use of the vaccine.
Another study showed $640. It is approved for adults aged 15 to 70 who should receive boosters yearly or every two years to maintain immunity. Lyme disease can be re-acquired, but an expert suggested that a later-stage will not develop a second new case. When treatment fails, a second course should be applied. The regimen, however, will be useless with late neurologic abnormalities. When the patient's condition stabilizes, oral therapy should complete the course.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bransfield, Robert C. 2001. Lyme neuroborreliosis and aggression. Action Lyme. 21-23
(April).Available from http://actionlyme.50megs.com/neuroborreliosis%20aggression.htm
-. 2009. Lyme, depression and suicide. Canlyme. 18 (April). Available
from http://www.mentalhealthandillness.com/tnaold.html
-. 2009. The neuro-psychiatric assessment of lyme disease. Mental Health and Illness. Available from http://www.mentalhealthandillness.com/tnaold.html
Boggs, Will. 2008. Most children recover from lyme neuroborreliosis without sequelae.
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal. Available from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/586114
Cohen, Marcus. 2004. Lyme disease: the ABCs. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. (May). Available from http://findarticles.com/p/article/mi_mOISW/is_250/ai_n6112457/?tag=content;col1
Faul, John L, et al. 1999. Tick-borne pulmonary disease -- update on diagnosis and treatment. Chest. 116 (1): 222-230. Available from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/416978
Rupprecht, Tobias A. et al. 2008. The pathogenesis of lyme neuroborreliosis from infection to inflammation. Molecular Medicine. March-April 14 (3-4): 205-212.
Available from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2148032
Stricker, R. B and Johnson, Lorraine. 2009. Chronic lyme disease and the "axis of evil."
Future Microbiology. 3 (6): 621-624. Available from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/586226
Smith, Robert, et al. 2000. Lyme disease surveillance in England and Wales, 1986-98.
Emergency Infectious Diseases. 6 (4). Available from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/414744
Shadick, Nancy. 1999. Lyme disease: clinical update. Disclosures. Available from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/423777
Weinstein, Robert A. 2000. Treatment of lyme disease. Disclosures. Available from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticles/423777
Marcus Cohen, "Lyme disease: the ABCs ." Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients (May 2004)
ibid ibid ibid
Robert Smith, "Lyme disease surveillance in England and Wales, 1986-1998." Emergency Infectious Diseases. (2000)
ibid
Robert C. Bransfield, "The Neuro-psychiatric Assessment of Lyme disease." Mental Health and Illness (2009)
ibid
Brian Fallon et al., "Late-stage neuropsychiatric borreliosis differential diagnosis and treatment." Psychosomatics
ibid
Tobias A. Rupprecht et al. "The pathogenesis of Lyne Neuroborreliosis: from Infection to Inflammation." Molecular Medicine. (March-April 2008)
ibid
Raphael B. Stricker and Lorraine Johnson, "Chronic Lyme disease and the "axis of evil." Medscape. (March 2008)
ibid
Robert C. Bransfield, "Lyme Neuroborreliosis and aggression." Action Lyme. (April 21-23 2001)
ibid ibid
Robert C. Bransfield, "Lyme, depression and suicide." Canlyme. (April 18, 2009)
ibid ibid
John L. Faul et al., "Tick-borne pulmonary disease -- update on diagnosis and treatment." Chest. (1999)
ibid
Robert A. Weinstein, "Treatment of Lyme disease." Disclosures. (2000)
ibid
Will Boggs, "Most Children Recover from Lyme Neuroborreliosis without Sequelae." Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal. (2008)
ibid
Nancy Shadick, "Lyme disease: clinical update." (1999)
ibid ibid
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bransfield, Robert C. 2001. Lyme neuroborreliosis and aggression. Action Lyme. 21-23
(April).Available from http://actionlyme.50megs.com/neuroborreliosis%20aggression.htm
-. 2009. Lyme, depression and suicide. Canlyme. 18 (April). Available
from http://www.mentalhealthandillness.com/tnaold.html
-. 2009. The neuro-psychiatric assessment of lyme disease. Mental Health and Illness. Available from http://www.mentalhealthandillness.com/tnaold.html
Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal. Available from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/586114
Cohen, Marcus. 2004. Lyme disease: the ABCs. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. (May). Available from http://findarticles.com/p/article/mi_mOISW/is_250/ai_n6112457/?tag=content;col1
Fallon, Brian et al. 1995. Late-stage neuropsychiatric lyme borreliosis differential diagnosis and treatment. Psychosomatics. 36:295-300. Available from http://www.wadhurst.demon.co.uk/lyme/lyme101.htm
Faul, John L, et al. 1999. Tick-borne pulmonary disease -- update on diagnosis and treatment. Chest. 116 (1): 222-230. Available from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/416978
Available from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2148032
Future Microbiology. 3 (6): 621-624. Available from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/586226
Emergency Infectious Diseases. 6 (4). Available from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/414744
Shadick, Nancy. 1999. Lyme disease: clinical update. Disclosures. Available from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/423777
Weinstein, Robert A. 2000. Treatment of lyme disease. Disclosures. Available from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticles/423777
Panic Attacks How to Deal with Panic Attacks: a Process Essay Panic attacks can happen to almost anyone but especially to those who have difficulty dealing with stressful situations. When a panic attack first hits, it can be confused for a nervous breakdown or even a heart attack. It can stifle one's breath, cause trembling, fear, chest pain, the sensation of being trapped, nausea, and tunnel vision. There are many theories on
B.S. DOB: 12/25/1992 GENDER: Female Race: Caucasian RELIGION: Catholic MARITAL STATUS: Single OCCUPATION: College Student CHIEF COMPLAINT: "I am scared. I feel like I can't catch my breath and my chest hurts." Differential Diagnosis: There are a number of differential diagnoses for these presenting symptoms. The major ones will be explored here. Possible Diagnosis Myocardial infarction (MI), angina, acute coronary syndrome Prodromal symptoms include fatigue, chest discomfort, or malaise in the days before the MI. A typical STEMI may occur without
Apparent health can be generally positive or negative; in spite of how it links with the real health; it may be significant to comprehend its function in certain kinds of psychopathology. Negatively apparent health has been anticipated to symbolize a cognitive risk factor for panic disorder (PD), detached from elevated anxiety feeling. As a result, PD may be more likely to take place on a background of negative perceptions
A secondary psychological problem that should be addressed is the man's evident agoraphobia, or fear of spending time in public or in wide, open spaces. Although this is not uncommon with individuals suffering panic disorders, special treatment as part of the therapeutic process might be valuable. The patient also has a history of previous mental disorders, including depression that should be monitored. Social isolation brought forth by panic and agoraphobia
The authors state, "underlying mechanism through which exposure to childhood abuse is associated with increased risk of panic cannot be determined based on these data alone" (p. 888). They offer several possible explanations. Exposure to abuse as a child may result in an extreme and realistic fear of threat to survival. This may be how panic disorder starts. Later, it may persist, or recur spontaneously, even without abusive conditions.
The results were found to be similar with regards to the scales of RCMAS (a 37 item measure), STAIC (for the 20 item state scale measure only), CDI (a 27 item measure) and FSSC-R (an 80 item measure). The trait scale of STAIC showed a few variations but was not strong enough when the Bonferroni correction was applied. The CASI scale presented a higher occurrence in the second group