Organized Crime Uses Poverty to Facilitate Human

¶ … Organized Crime uses Poverty to Facilitate Human Trafficking

Clandestine Partnerships: The Link Between Human Trafficking and Organized Crime in Metropolitan Atlanta

The author had several research questions: 1)What proportion of the specified human trafficking cases involves organized crime; 2) What type of relationship is most prevalent between human trafficking and organized crime in metropolitan Atlanta; 3)What types of organized crime demonstrate a relationship with human trafficking in the specified cases; 4)What differences, if any, do the specified sex trafficking and forced labor cases exhibit in regards to their relationship with organized crime; and 5) What differences, if any, do the specified international and domestic human trafficking cases exhibit in regards to their relationship with organized crime?

The author's hypothesis is that human trafficking, while occurring in an organized fashion, may be conducted outside of traditionally established organized criminal organizations, and that the links may differ depending on whether humans are trafficked for labor of sexual purposes. The author did not hypothesize about the nature of the relationship, but left the research questions open-ended.

3. The study examined public court records of all-identifiable Trafficking Victims Protection Act

(TVPA) of 2000, between 2000 and 2012 were analyzed. The author looked at the proportion of human trafficking cases that involved known criminal networks.

4. The author found that, of the 20 human trafficking cases studied, 80% of them did not involve a tie to organized crime. Of the 20% involving ties to organized crime, only one of them was operated by an organized crime syndicate, while two of them relied upon assistance from existing criminal networks.

5. The findings from this article suggest that, although human trafficking is often conducted by people in organized criminal groups, those criminals are oftentimes operating outside of known criminal organizations. Therefore, my research should look outside of traditional

6. Tripp, Tara M. 2012. "Clandestine Partnerships: The Link Between Human Trafficking and Organized Crime in Metropolitan Atlanta." Masters Thesis, Kennesaw State University. Retrieved September 22, 2013 (http://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/etd/531).

ARTICLE TITLE: Trade Secrets: Intersections between Diasporas and Crime Groups in the Constitution of the Human Trafficking Chain

1. Rather than pose a specific question, the authors seek to examine the connection between diasporas and four different typologies of human trafficking: integrated diasporic model; partially integrated diasporic model; instrumental diasporic model; and a fully open model.

2. In the integrated and partially integrated diasporic models, criminal organization is more critical because of a reliance on knowledge, trust, and loyalty.

3. Rather than a study, the paper presents a literature-review type overview of different elements of human trafficking.

4. Traditional views of organized crime are not the best way to describe most current human trafficking; instead law enforcement needs to look at the reasons that human trafficking continues to exist, which is often based in both gender and race imbalances in trafficked groups and in communities with a demand for forced labor.

5. The research suggests that examining vulnerable communities and how traffickers get their victims might provide significant clues into the operations of trafficking rings.

6. Turner, Jackie and Liz Kelly. 2012. "Trade Secrets: Intersections between Diasporas and Crime Groups in the Constitution of the Human Trafficking Chain." British Journal of Criminology 49(2):184-201.

ARTICLE TITLE: Economics of Human Trafficking

1. The overarching research question is: what is the connection between human trafficking and the larger economic structure of the country receiving the victims of human trafficking?

2. The author hypothesizes that there is a negative relationship between human trafficking and a country's overall economic health.

3. The paper models the human traf-cking market as a monopolistic competition consisting of many sellers and buyers dealing in differentiated products, because of the low entry barriers, which preclude a monopoly. Therefore, it examines supply and demand in the human trafficking market. It also looks at the marginal costs, such as the risk of punishment to the trafficker if he or she is caught.

4. The research concludes that human trafficking negatively impacts a country's economic healthy by tearing apart the structure of local economies, adding to the bureaucratic and law enforcement burden at all levels of government through local crime and immigration problems, and destroying people's lives. Furthermore, the shift in population that results from human trafficking negatively impacts source and destination countries. The authors conclude that greater awareness and more resources are necessary to fight trafficking.

5. Because of the manner in which traffickers tend to get their victims, which is through preying on vulnerable populations with promises of lucrative employment, education in vulnerable communities may be one way to prevent human trafficking.

6. Wheaton, Elizabeth M., Edward J. Schauer, and Thomas V. Galli. 2010. "Economics of Human Trafficking." International Migration 48(4):114-141.

ARTICLE NAME: The Perfect Business': Human Trafficking and Lao-Thai Cross Border Migration

1. There are several research areas in this study: is the language of economism appropriate to human trafficking; why does economism fail to illuminate how workers are recruited into the local sex industries along the Lao-Thai border; and what are the unintended impacts of anti-trafficking activism along fluid borders, such as the Lao-Thai border?

2. Molland's hypothesis is that "the implicit economism within trafficking discourses not only fails to account for the nuances in the way in which cross-border oscillations take place, but also produces disjunctures between anti-trafficking programmes and the social world they attempt to alter" (Molland, 2010, p.833).

3. Molland examines the economic constructs of flows and disjunctures at the Lao-Thai border to examine whether traditional views of economism are applicable. This involves an examination of cross-border migration rates and the reasons that people may choose to cross the border.

4. Although there is danger in crossing the Laos-Thai border, Molland concludes that for many Laotians, the promise of freedom in Thailand makes the risk appropriate. Moreover, the kinship ties that extend over the border help contribute to a fluid border. This helps explain why an individual sex worker who has not been compelled into the trade would agree to cross the border, despite lower pay, facilitating her entry into the human trafficking market because of the ability to manipulate her once she has crossed the border.

5. This article is important because it helps explain some of the motivations for victims who willingly enter into a human trafficking agreement, without understanding the vulnerabilities they face once displaced from their homelands.

6. Molland, Sverre. 2010. "The Perfect Business': Human Trafficking and Lao-Thai Cross

Border Migration." Development and Change 41(5):831-855.

ARTICLE TITLE: The Diffusion of Global Law: Transnational Crime and the Case of Human Trafficking

1. The researcher examine how society should frame human trafficking in the context of transnational crime and how that frame impact national policy choices.