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Physiology of Emotions
Varying Theories on the Physiology of Emotions
In their theory, "How Emotion Shapes Behavior: Feedback, Anticipation, and Reflection, Rather Than Direct Causation," Baumeister, Vohs, DeWall and Zhang show how the secondary function of emotions is much more important to humans than their initial response to an emotion. Emotions in response to stimuli provoke actions that usually begin too late to effectively react to the stimuli. Thus, it makes more sense to consider the function of emotions as part of a learning process than it does to imagine their value rests with the initial human response. Human emotion is studied as a feedback system that shapes current and future behaviors based on processing prior actions and reactions motivated by emotions. We need this feedback system to successfully function in such complex social and cultural systems. For example, if one is in a public place and moved to anger by another to the point of violence. The subject punches the stimulus; the stimulus punches back, people in the surrounding environment react to the violence with disapproval, fear, disappointment and attempts to restore order. The subject may be thrown in jail where he will reflect upon all that occurred. In his reflection, he will consider all of the consequences of his reaction to his emotions. Through such experiences and considerations, he will...
They explain how our emotional reactions involve an integration of direct responses to stimuli and conscious, controlled processing of those stimuli. They discuss the limitations of the "modal model" which focuses on how discrete emotions are generated automatically by different situations. Barret, Ochsner, and Gross show how a constraint-satisfaction approach better represents the spectrum of emotional phenomena observed. In reaction to stimuli, a human subject responds with constraint matching to create patterns and constraint interpretation to shape the emotional reaction. This theory shows how different parts of the brain engage throughout the process creating more flexible responses to emotional stimuli involving as much conscious processing and automatic reactions as necessary from remembered prior similar events.
In their theory, "Affect and Proto-Affect in Effective Functioning," Ortony, Norman, and Revelle look at the function of emotions on four domains (affect, motivation, cognition, and behavior) in three levels (reactive, routine, and reflective). The reactive level is more…
References
Barrett, L.F., Ochsner, K.N., & Gross, J.J. (2007). On the automaticity of emotion. Social Psychology and the Unconscious, 173-217.
Baumeister, R.F., Vohs K.D., DeWall C.N., Zhang L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personal Social Psychology Review,11, 167-203.
Cunningham, W.A., Zelazo, P.D., Packer, D.J., & Bavel, J.J. (2007). The iterative reprocessing model: A multilevel framework for attitudes and evaluation. Social Cognition, 25(5), 736-760.
Ortony, A., Norman, D.A., & Revelle, W. (2005). Affect and pro-affect in effective functioning. In J. Fellous & M. Arbib (Eds.), Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot (pp. 173-198). New York: Oxford.
However, anxiety, like all emotions, is not the same for every person who experiences that emotion. One person may value the relationship more than the other person who is engaged in a conflict. Thus, the stakes are higher in the conflict, and one party has more motivation to instigate resolution. There is also the potential for different levels of post-resolution anxiety to vary between individual to individual. A highly suspicious
Emotions or feelings assume a fundamental part in our day-to-day social interactions (Scherer, 2003) and work as essential administrative and utilitarian capacities inside the body and mind, and emotions also encourage logical thinking and discernment. After thorough evaluation and assessment of hypotheses and methodology utilized in the field of emotional study, I considered different advantages and shortcomings in every one of them and decided upon an unbiased/neutral stance in my
The articles point out the need for additional research into the field of forgiveness. Only recently have researchers begun to explore the psychological constructs that contribute to forgiveness. Much of the research that has been conducted has consisted of relatively small and homogenous population samples, as evidenced from the research conducted above. Each of these articles includes a rather small sample sizes. Hence all of the articles are weak in
Neuroscience and Human Development One of the most noticeable aspects of human beings involves the changes in shape, size, form, and function of the individual from a newly formed fetus to a fully grown adult. As the single most successful organism on Earth, human beings have developed, through millions of years of evolutionary adaptations, integrated yet malleable systems involving biological, physiological, emotional and intellectual components. This paper will review some of
Perception Theory The issue of perception in various fields, including philosophy and psychology has been debated with vigor over the last fifty years. In fact, a large amount of experimental work has been completed regarding questions such as the object of perception, the relationship between perception and though, and the nature of perception representational. In general it is believed that perception occurs without apparent effort. What is seen is imposed upon the
Sleep Deprivation on the Brain Studies on sleep deprivation continually display an inconsistent (negative) effect on mood, cognitive behaviour, and motor function as a result of a rising propensity for sleep as well as the destabilization of the wake condition. Unique neurocognitive domains such as executive attention, functioning memory, and conflicting higher cognitive behaviours are specifically apt to loss of sleep. In human beings, functional neurophysiological and metabolic studies prove